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Skeletal Pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

4 repair stages of fracture

A

HAEMATOMA
INFLAMMATION & PHAGOCYTOSIS bone debris/clot
FIBROBLASTS move in form spongy bone/fibrocartilage
Osteoblasts form CALLUS (new bone to replace fibrocartilage)
MINERALISATION & SHAPING - Callus mineralised. Osteoclasts reshape/canalise new bone.

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2
Q

Treatment for Fractures

A

improve circulation/nutrients to bone

use creams/ointments - absorbed

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3
Q

what herbs for fractures?

A

comfrey

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4
Q

what nutrients would help fractures

A

calcium
vit D
vit C
MSM (sulphur)

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5
Q

What homeopathic for fractures

A

arnica-bruising
Ruta - nerve
calc phos 4c - 3 weeks - meld bones together

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6
Q

Difference between sprain/strain

A

sprain - ligament

strain - muscle

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7
Q

Definition of sprain

A

trauma - joint out of normal range

stretch/tear ligaments

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8
Q

6 treatment suggestions - sprains

A 
First Aid 
herbs locally/internally
nutrients
rest
homeopathy
acupuncture
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9
Q

2 herb suggestions for sprain

A

comfrey, calendula

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10
Q

5 nutrients for sprain

A 
glucosamine
vit C
zinc
vit E
collagen gel
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11
Q

2 types dislocation

A

dislocation - full

subluxation - partial

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12
Q

How do X rays work

A

Electromagnetic radiation
pass through less dense matter (fat, muscle)
but are absorbed by denser matter (bones, tumours, lungs)
which appear white.

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13
Q

How can you counteract carcagenic effects of X Rays

A

homeopathy

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14
Q

What stage of life is bone health ‘laid down’

A

teens - TEENAGE GIRLS BEWARE!

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15
Q

What is Osteoporosis

A

Bone thinning (porous bone)
decreased bone mineral density (BMD)
increased bone fragility & fracture risk

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16
Q

What is primary type 1 & 2 osteoporosis

A

1 - senile osteoporosis (age/post menopause)

2 - ideopathic osteoporosis (don’t know reason)

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17
Q

what is secondary osteoporosis

A

O is secondary to another condition/lifestyle/pathology

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18
Q

main cause Osteoporosis

A 
MALNUTRITION
mineral deficiency
low calcium absorption
genetics
bad teens (growth years)
low oestrogen at menopause
ph imbalance (blood too acidic)
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19
Q

how does oestrogen help prevent osteoporosis

A

suppresses bone resorption & improves calcium uptake in the gut

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20
Q

Osteoporosis risk factors

A 
poor diet
toxins
drugs
smoking
age
ethnicity - (northern european worse)
genetics
alcohol
sedentary lifestyle
endocrine pro
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21
Q

What does your skin colour have to do with Vit D?

A

the fairer the skin, the more vit D absorbed.

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22
Q

Why is it hard to catch Osteoporosis early?

A

it is ASYMPTOMATIC until bone has reached critical thinness and fractures for no reason

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23
Q

What can happen to the height of Osteoporosis suffered and why?

A

loss of height due to vertebral crumpling and fracture

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24
Q

What body position gives the most relief in Osteoporosis

A

lying on side with knees flexed

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25
other physical tell-tale signs of osteoporosis
``` stooped posture (kyphosis/dowagers hump) scoliosis ```
26
how is the pain usually aggravated with Osteoporosis
sitting, standing or bending
27
what is the usual drug treatment for Osteoporosis
Biphosphonates (Fosomax)
28
Side effects of Fosomax?
``` increases bone density but doesn't make bone less brittle! over 1 in 10 get bone, muscle or joint pain, dizziness hair loss fever eye pain vomiting and BONE FRACTURES! ```
29
Our treatment for Osteoporosis
``` non-acidic diet calcium & vit D weight bearing exercise hormone balancing herbs avoid toxins ```
30
Long name for Rickets
Osteomalacia
31
What is Osteomalacia
``` Rickets Softening of bone due to failed mineralisation in the bone matrix decalcification of bone esp in spine pelvis lower extremities ```
32
causes of Osteomalacia
Vit D deficiency
33
possible causes of Vit D deficiency
insufficient sun insufficient vit D in diet failure to absorb vit D in gut reduced receptor sites for vit D in tissues
34
signs/symptoms of Osteomalacia
Deformed/bent bones severe back pain severe muscle weakness fracture
35
our treatment of osteomalacia
vit d - via foods, supplementation & sunlight
36
What is hypercalcaemia
high blood calcium - serum calcium above 2.5mmol.
37
Causes of hypercalcaemia (5)
``` uncontrolled release of calcium from bones (tumour) hypERpatathyroidism immobility - demineralisation of bone excess intake calcium/vit D milk-alkali syndrome ```
38
what is milk-alkali syndrome
increased intake of milk/antacids (heartburn) = elevated serum calcium
39
signs/symptoms hypercalcaemia
``` muscle weakness lethargy anorexia nausea polyuria irregular heartbeat bone density loss - fractures ```
40
our treatment of hypercalcaemia
treat cause | adjust calcium intake
41
what is osteomyelitis
infection of bone marrow
42
which bones does osteomyelitis most often affect
1st & 2nd lumber vertebrae | growing regions of long bones in children
43
causes of osteomyelitis
immune suprresion - diabetes alcoholics injecting drug users
44
signs/symptoms Osteomyelitis
affected areas v sensitive to percussion generalised non-specific back ache severe night pain muscular guarding of area
45
allopathic treatment of Osteomyelitis
antibiotics
46
side effects of antibiotics
lowered immunity disturbed gut function candida
47
our treatment for Osteomyelitis
herbs (infection & Immunity) local compresses homeopathy
48
two types of bone tumours
benign & malignant
49
what are benign tumours
grow inside bones, cause pressure, deep pain, fracturing, could turn malignant
50
malignant bone tumours known as
osteosarcomas
51
malignant cartilage tumours known as
chondosarcomas
52
are malignant bone tumours usually primary or secondary
secondaries from other organs, e.g. breast, kidney
53
allopathic treatment for bone tumours
radiotherapy
54
our treatment for bone tumours
support only herbs nutrition
55
what is kyphosis often called?
Hunchback
56
signs/symptoms kyphosis
hunched thoracic spine | may interfere with breathing
57
causes kyphosis
postural | secondary to other disorders - osteporosis
58
treatment kyphosis
``` exercise postural training bowen technique back brace medical - surgery ```
59
Lordosis signs/symptoms
increased concavity/arch of lumbar spine
60
lordosis causes
adolescent growth spurt musculoskeletal disease obesity
61
lordosis treatment
exercise postural training bowen technique
62
what is scoliosis
lateral s shape curve in spine | can impinge on nerves
63
causes scoliosis
everyday imbalance (bag on shoulder)
64
treatment scoliosis
chiropractic osteopathy bowen technique
65
what causes a herniated/slipped disc?
fibrocartilage in intervertebral discs degenerate with age
66
treatment herniated discs
strengthen muscles in back homeopathy - arnic herbs - pain, inflammation & connective tissue
67
What is spina bifida
Incomplete closure of embryonic neural tube = | spinal canal fails to enclose spinal cord
68
when does spina bifida occur in the foetus
weeks 5-8
69
causes spina bifida
unknown | lack of folic acid contributes
70
2 types spina bifida
occulta - less serious | aperta - more serious (loss of continence, paralysis)
71
Treatment spina bifida
prevention - adequate folic acid during pregnancy
72
What is ankylosing spondylitis
chronic inflammation of spine & sacroiliac joints
73
what does ankylosing spondylitis often lead to
``` spinal fusion (ankylosis) reduced movement ```
74
causes of ankylosing spondylitis
possible genetic link
75
who suffers with ankylosing spondylitis
mostly men | age of onset 20-45
76
early symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis
``` lumber curve flattens, mobility reduced lower back pain into posterior thighs hip & heel pain pain/stiffness worse in mornings acute iritis ```
77
later symptoms ankylosing spondylitis
thoracic curve restricted ribs stiffen chest expansion diminished
78
definition iritis
inflammation of iris
79
allopathic treatment analysing spondylitis
surgery | pain/inflammation medication
80
associated symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis
``` damage to stomach lining osteoporosis bruising muscle weakness diabetes glaucoma mood changes ```
81
alternative treatment ankylosing spondylitis
nutrition (anti inflammatory) | herbs (pain inflammation)
82
what is Osteoarthritis
degenerative wear & tear of articular cartilage, typically affecting weight bearing joints
83
describe the onset of osteoarthritis
gradual
84
osteoarthritis more commonly seen in -
older people/sportsmen
85
causes osteoarthritis
``` fracture genetics general wear & tear obesity map-alignment of joint previous disease - RA ```
86
Describe 5 stages osteoarthritis
1) articular cartilage wears away, exposing underlying bone 2) subchondral bone becomes hard & glossy 3) cysts & sclerosis occurs in bone surface 4) bones grow projecting spurs 5) spurs break off into synovial cavity causing further iritation
87
process in which subchondral bone becomes hard & glossy is called -
eburnation
88
projecting spurs are called -
osteophytes
89
how is osteoarthritis diagnosed
x ray
90
treatment of osteoarthritis
``` nutrition glucosamine hyalauronic acid eggshell membrane vit C MSM Herbs - comfrey, turmeric weight loss ```
91
what is rheumatoid arthritis
autoimmune inflammation of synovium. potentially affecting all organs except brain systemic inflammation
92
R A affects how many people worldwide
1%
93
What age group does RA affect?
peak occurrence - 30-50
94
signs/symptoms RA
``` symmetrical/bilateral affects hands and feet first, spreads proximally morning stiffness/swelling deformity joints general malaise subcutaneous nodules eye problems kidney problems compression of spinal cord leading to neurological complications ```
95
Cause of R A?
idiopathic, but genetic believed to be linked
96
allopathic treatment
surgery for nodules | pain & inflammation medication
97
alternative treatment RA
antiinflammatory nutrition | herbs for pain, inflammation & immune modulation
98
cause OA v RA?
OA - degenerative wear & tear | RA - autoimmune
99
Tissues affected OA v RA?
OA - articular cartilage | RA - synovial membrane
100
type of joint affected OA v RA?
OA - mostly hips & knees (weight bearing) | RA - any synovial joints (tends to be systemic)
101
Age of onset OA v RA
OA - older | RA - 30-50
102
symmetrical? OA & RA?
OA - asymmetrical | RA - symmetrical/bilateral
103
additional symptoms/complications OA v RA?
OA - not usually | RA - yes
104
movement OA v RA?
OA - movement becomes restricted | RA - morning stiffness/swelling
105
what happens to joints with time OA v RA?
OA - eventually joints become deformed | RA - gradually spreads through more proximal structures
106
changes to joint structure OA v RA?
OA - osteophyte/bone spurs | RA - subcutaneous nodules
107
what is the carpal tunnel
narrow passageway of ligament & carpal bones at base of hand through which the median nerve runs.
108
function of median nerve?
controls sensations & movements in hand & fingers
109
what is carpal tunnel syndrome
nerve becomes squeezed at wrist
110
causes carpal tunnel syndrome?
``` vibrating tools - drills fluid retention - pregnancy/menopause congenital predisposition - small CT trauma to joint tumour/cyst in canal secondary to RA, hypothyroidism ```
111
risk factors carpal tunnel syndrome
women - men 3:1 diabetes assembly line workers
112
signs/symptoms carpal tunnel syndrome
``` occur in affected hands & fingers onset gradual often starts at night frequent burning sensation/tingling/itching/numbness fingers feel swollen decreased grip difficulty gauging temperature by touch ```
113
allopathic treatment CTs
``` aspirin/ibuprofen resting joint cool packs surgery physio ```
114
alternative treatments CTS
``` treat cause! herbs for pain, inflammation acupuncture homeopathy (arnica) antinflammatory nutritional support ```
115
possible complications CTS
if untreated/chronic muscles in base of thumb may waste away
116
other name for gout
crystal arthropathy
117
What is crystal arthropathy?
gout form of arthritis v common in men deposition of excess uric acid crystals in bodily tissues & fluids v painful
118
causes crystal arthropathy
``` trauma illness dehydration purine excess obesity excessive alcohol hypercholestorolaemia hypertension type 2 diabetes kidney disease diuretic use ```
119
ratio of men to women suffering with crystal arthropathy
men 8:1 female
120
mean age of onset - gout
men 40 women 70
121
signs/symptoms gout
big toe most often affected can effect mid feet, ankles, knees, elbows, wrists, fingers usually monoarticular, can be polyarticular intensely painful, red, hot, swollen joints skin appears shiny, may peel painless tophi - urate crystal outside joints under skin
122
allopathic treatment gout
corticosteroid injection - side effects
123
alternative treatment gout
anti-nflammatory nutrition sour cherry (cherry active) herbs & comprrsses for pain, inflammation, diuretics & infection homeopathy
124
what is bursitis
inflammation of bursae
125
causes of bursitis
trauma infection wear & tear
126
treatment bursitis
``` herbs - pain, inflammation, infection rest ice anti-inflammatory nutrition homeopathy compresses ```
127
Difference between tendon and ligament
Tendon muscle to bone | Ligament bone to bone

Skeletal System (7 decks)

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