Bones

Question 0

5 functions of bones

Answer 0

Framework 
Protection
Attachment
Movement
Haemopoeisis
Mineral reservoir

Question 1

How many bones in the body

Answer 1

206

Question 2

What is the formation/development of blood cells called

Answer 2

Haemopieisis

Question 3

2 types bone tissue

Answer 3

Spongy

Compact

Question 4

3 types bone cells

Answer 4

Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteocyte

Question 5

What is an osteoblast

Answer 5

Bone building cell

Question 6

What is osteo last

Answer 6

Bone dissolving cells

Question 7

Which bone cells are multi-nucleated

Answer 7

Osteoclasts

Question 8

What is the name of the process in which Osteoclasts dissolve the bone cells

Answer 8

Bone resorption

Question 9

What is an osteocyte

Answer 9

Mature bone cell in lacunae

Question 10

4 parts of Osteon

Answer 10

Lamella
Lacunae
Canaliculi
Central canal

Question 11

Basic unit of compact bone is?

Answer 11

osteon

Question 12

Describe lamellar

Answer 12

Extracellular matrix
Contains minerals/collagen fibres
Tubular

Question 13

Describe lacunae

Answer 13

‘Lagoons’
Spaces between lamellae
Contain osteocytes

Question 14

Describe canaliculi

Answer 14

Network of canals

So osteocytes can receive nutrients/remove waste

Question 15

What does central canal of compact bone contain

Answer 15

Blood vessels and nerves

Question 16

What doesn’t spongy bone have that compact does

Answer 16

Osteons

Question 17

Describe structure of spongy bone

Answer 17

Columns of bone -trabeculae

In irregular lattice

Question 18

What do trabeculae contain as well as osteons

Answer 18

Lamellae
Osteocytes
Lacunae
Canaliculi

Question 19

What are spaces between trabeculae filled with

Answer 19

Bone marrow

Question 20

What does bone marrow do

Answer 20

Make blood cells

Question 21

Outer covering of compact bone

Answer 21

Periosteum

Question 22

Larger 2 types canals in compact bone

Answer 22

Volkmans (L-R)

Haversian up down

Question 23

Long shaft of bone

Answer 23

Diaphysis

Question 24

Ends of bone

Answer 24

Epiphyses

Question 25

Describe long bone

Answer 25

Cylindrical Curve 2 planes greater strength

Question 26

What is epiphyseal growth plate

Answer 26

Hyaline cartilage 'disc' bordering epiphyses, around which growth occurs.

Question 27

Structure of epiphysis

Answer 27

Thin outer compact bone covered by hyaline cartilage capsule Inner spongy bone with red marrow/myeloid tissue Epiphyseal growth plate

Question 28

What covers outside of diaphysis

Answer 28

Periosteum

Question 29

Myeloid tissue

Answer 29

red bone marrow

Question 30

What is periosteum

Answer 30

Vascular, connective tissue membrane covers outer diaphysis

Question 31

What lines central medullary canal in diaphysis

Answer 31

Endosteum

Question 32

All bone marrow starts off as -

Answer 32

Red bone marrow

Question 33

In severe blood loss what can happen to the marrow

Answer 33

Yellow can convert to red

Question 34

Structure of diaphysis

Answer 34

Outer compact bone covered by periosteum | Central medullary canal contains red marrow/myeloid tissue/yellow blood cells lined with endosteum.

Question 35

2 layers of periosteum

Answer 35

Outer - tough, fibrous,protects Inner - CAMBIUM - contains osteoblasts & osteoclasts important for growth/repair.

Question 36

What replaces periosteum on joint surfaces

Answer 36

Hyaline cartilage

Question 37

5 jobs of periosteum

Answer 37

``` Protect bone Bone growth/repair Attachment for ligaments/tendons Provides blood supply Has nociceptors-nerve endings sense pain ```

Question 38

5 bone shapes in body

Answer 38

``` long short irregular flat sesamoid ```

Question 39

Example of long bone

Answer 39

femur

Question 40

ex of short bone

Answer 40

carpals/tarsals

Question 41

ex flat bone

Answer 41

skull/hip

Question 42

ex irregular bone

Answer 42

vertabrae

Question 43

ex sesamoid bone

Answer 43

patella

Question 44

structure of all bones apart from long -

Answer 44

peroisteum enclosing compact bone outer spongy inside, containing bone marrow

Question 45

What does red bone marrow do

Answer 45

creates red blood cells, platelets, white blood cells

Question 46

what does yellow bone marrow do?

Answer 46

stores fat | creates some white blood cells

Question 47

Why is exercise particularly important in older women?

Answer 47

To help strengthen their bones after menopause | prevent Osteoporosis

Question 48

Bone formation known as

Answer 48

ossification/osteogenisis

Question 49

3 times ossification/genesis occurs

Answer 49

during growth continuous bone renewal repair

Question 50

2 types ossification

Answer 50

Intramembraneous ossification | Endochondral ossification

Question 51

What are cartilage cells known as?

Answer 51

Chodrocytes

Question 52

Describe intramembraneous ossification

Answer 52

Bones form directly within the mesenchyme

Question 53

Describe Endochondrial Ossification

Answer 53

Bones form within hyaline cartilage at epiphyseal plate

Question 54

what is mesenchyme

Answer 54

cell soup

Question 55

By which process are bone cells produced around the epiphyseal growth plate during endochondrial ossification?

Answer 55

Mitosis

Question 56

Which cells ossify the matrix to form bone during endochondrial ossification?

Answer 56

Osteoblasts

Question 57

At what age doe endochondrial ossification cease?

Answer 57

early 20's boys | late teens girls

Question 58

What are our bones left with after completely ossifying

Answer 58

epiphyseal line

Question 59

what is the growth in bone thickness known as

Answer 59

appositional growth

Question 60

inner layer of periosteum called?

Answer 60

cambium

Question 61

Describe how diameter of bone increases during appositional growth

Answer 61

Osteoblasts in cambium form compact bone | Osteoclasts in medullary cavity carve out bone

Question 62

Main hormones affecting bone growth in children

Answer 62

Growth hormone | thyroid hormone

Question 63

Main hormones affecting bone growth in adults

Answer 63

testosterone & oestrogen calcitonin parathyroid hormone

Question 64

What to take for restless legs

Answer 64

magnesium glycinate

Question 65

Which mineral do bones store large amounts of?

Answer 65

Bone is an important calcium reservoir

Question 66

Blood calcium levels have to be tightly controlled to ensure proper

Answer 66

blood clotting | nerve & muscle function

Question 67

If blood calcium levels are low what happens in body to restore homeostasis

Answer 67

Osteoclasts break down/release calcium into blood

Question 68

If blood calcium levels are high what happens to restore homeostasis

Answer 68

Calcium in absorbed back into the bone via Osteoblasts

Question 69

Which two glands regulate calcium exchange

Answer 69

Parathyroid | thyroid

Question 70

Describe negative feedback system that increases blood calcium

Answer 70

RECEPTORS - parathyroid gland detect lower calcium CONTROL CENTRE - switches on PTH gene PTH stimulates the EFFECTORS - Osteoclasts (bone resorption)/Kidneys keep the calcium in blood

Question 71

Describe negative feedback system that decreases blood calcium

Answer 71

come back

Question 72

What helps bones get stronger

Answer 72

weight bearing exercise

Question 73

Which type of exercise doesn't help bone strength

Answer 73

swimming

Question 74

What rate of bone mass loss a week can astronauts/the bedridden expect?

Answer 74

Up to 1% per week

Question 75

Exercise leads to increased ---- and --- in bones

Answer 75

increased mineral deposition and increased production of muscle fibres

Question 77

What helps to ensure bone formation occurs more quickly than bone resorption

Answer 77

exercise

Question 78

what is the bioactive form of vit D?

Answer 78

calcitrol

Question 79

what is calcitonin?

Answer 79

hormone that promotes bone growth & decreases blood calcium when too high