number of cervical vertebrae
7
no of thoracic vertabrae
12
no of lumbar vertebrae
5
Vertebrae that fuse to form sacrum
5
vertebrae that fuse to form coccyx
3-5
What does prone mean
lying face down
what does medial mean
nearer the midline
what does posterior mean
nearer the back
what does ipsilateral mean
on the same side
describe sagittal plane
divides body L-R
4 functions of skeleton
framework for body attachment for muscles/tendons permits movements (joints) forms boundaries (skull) red bones marrow forms blood cells reservior for minerals
What are the 4 components of an Osteon
Lamella
Lacunae
Canaliculi
Central canal
What is lamella
extracellular matrix containing minerals and collagen fibres. Gives bone strenth
what is lacunae
space between lamellae containing matures bone cells called osteocytes
what are canaliculi
network of little canals that provide a route for osteocytes to receive nutrients/remove waste
What does central canal contain
blood vessels
nerves
describe structure of spongy bone
irregular lattice of trabeculae
red bone marrow
what is name of cells that form new bone?
Osteoblasts
Which bones form by intramembranous ossification
flat bones of the skull and lower jaw
what is name of special place in a bone around which growth occurs?
epiphyseal plate
what does term appositional growth mean
bones increase in diameter and thickness
give 2 ways in which parathyroid hormone increase blood calcium levels
increases osteoclast activity
increases vit D
increases kidney retention of calcium
what is the job of calcitonin
decrease blood calcium when it is too high
inhibits osteoclasts and speeds up bones intake/deposition of calcium
name 5 parts of axial skeleton
skull inner ear ossicles thoracic cage hyoid bone vertebral column
Name 3 types of bone and give ex of each
Long - clavicle/humerus/radius/ulna/femur/tibia/fibula/metacarpals/metatarsals/phalanges
Short - carpals/tarsals
Irrecular - vertebrae/sacrum/
flat - skull, scapular, hip bone, sternum, ribs
sesamoid - patella
What is the function of the fontaneles
allow baby’s head to move through birth canal
What is special name for 1st vertebrae
atlas
How many intervertebral discs are there
24
What is the medical name for the bone in the upper arm
Humerus
What is the medical name for the bigger bone in the lower leg?
Tibia
Where would you find the sacroiliac joint?
between the pelvis and sacrum
Where are the phalanges located?
Fingers and toes
What does the term insertion mean
Point of insertion is the point of attachment to the bone the muscle moves
What is suture and were would you find one?
fixed joint in skull
Give an example of ball & socket joint
hip
shoulder
Where would you find a pivot joint?
Radioulnar joint in the arm
What is the main function of bursae
cushion movement of tissues against one another
What is the term used to describe moving a body part in a circle?
Circumduction
What does the term dorsiflexion mean
bending foot up
What kind of structure appears white on an x ray
bones, tumours, lungs with pneumonia
what does the term pathological fracture mean?
fracture because bone is weakened by disease
why do women become more prone to Osteoporois after the menopause?
Reduction in Oestrogen - Oestrogen helps control osteoclast activity
suggest 3 risk factors for Osteoporosis
smoking high alcohol consumption poor diet sedentary lifestyle family history long term steroid use endocrine problems, i.e. inability to produce oestrogen corticosteroid and some anti-epileptic use
What is rickets
softening of bones due to failed mineralization in matrix
Give 3 symptoms of hypercalcaemia
muscle weakness letharhgy anorexia nausea polyuria iregular heartbeat
what is difference between sprain and strain
Sprain - trauma forcing joint beyond its normal range, stretching/tearing ligaments
strain is stretching/tearing muscle or tendon (pulled muscle)
What is main cause of scoliosis
everyday imbalance (bag on 1 shoulder)
What is cause of gradual joint swelling
irritated synovial capsule
3 differences beween osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis that would allow you to tell the difference between the two conditions
wear & tear V autoimmune articular cartilage V synovial membrane older people V 30-50 Non inflammatory V inflammatory no additional symptoms V additional symptoms
6 additional complications of R Arthritis
Eye problems - pain in/dry eyes subcutaneous nodules Neurological complications General malaise Atlatoaxial sublaxation and compression of spinal cord Kidney problems
What is main presenting symptom of gout
joint becomes red, swollen, v painful and shiny
suggest 2 conditions that may be underlying in a gout sufferer
Obesity
Alcohol abuse
Artherosclerosis
Hypertension (High BP)
What is ankylosing spondilitis
chronic inflammation of spine and sacroiliac joints, often leading to spinal fusion (ankylosis) and reduced movement.
give 2 possible complications associated with RA
n
give 3 possible symptoms of impingement syndrome
nn
4 key differences between skeletal & cardiac muscle
n
name the two myofilaments found in skeletal muscle
actin
myosin
difference between bone and muscle membranes
muscle - epimysium, perimysiem, endomysium
bone periOSteum, endOSTeum
