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1
Q

number of cervical vertebrae

A

7

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2
Q

no of thoracic vertabrae

A

12

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3
Q

no of lumbar vertebrae

A

5

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4
Q

Vertebrae that fuse to form sacrum

A

5

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5
Q

vertebrae that fuse to form coccyx

A

3-5

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6
Q

What does prone mean

A

lying face down

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7
Q

what does medial mean

A

nearer the midline

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8
Q

what does posterior mean

A

nearer the back

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9
Q

what does ipsilateral mean

A

on the same side

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10
Q

describe sagittal plane

A

divides body L-R

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11
Q

4 functions of skeleton

A 
framework for body
attachment for muscles/tendons
permits movements (joints)
forms boundaries (skull)
red bones marrow forms blood cells
reservior for minerals
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12
Q

What are the 4 components of an Osteon

A

Lamella
Lacunae
Canaliculi
Central canal

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13
Q

What is lamella

A

extracellular matrix containing minerals and collagen fibres. Gives bone strenth

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14
Q

what is lacunae

A

space between lamellae containing matures bone cells called osteocytes

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15
Q

what are canaliculi

A

network of little canals that provide a route for osteocytes to receive nutrients/remove waste

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16
Q

What does central canal contain

A

blood vessels

nerves

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17
Q

describe structure of spongy bone

A

irregular lattice of trabeculae

red bone marrow

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18
Q

what is name of cells that form new bone?

A

Osteoblasts

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19
Q

Which bones form by intramembranous ossification

A

flat bones of the skull and lower jaw

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20
Q

what is name of special place in a bone around which growth occurs?

A

epiphyseal plate

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21
Q

what does term appositional growth mean

A

bones increase in diameter and thickness

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22
Q

give 2 ways in which parathyroid hormone increase blood calcium levels

A

increases osteoclast activity
increases vit D
increases kidney retention of calcium

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23
Q

what is the job of calcitonin

A

decrease blood calcium when it is too high

inhibits osteoclasts and speeds up bones intake/deposition of calcium

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24
Q

name 5 parts of axial skeleton

A 
skull
inner ear ossicles
thoracic cage
hyoid bone
vertebral column
25
Name 3 types of bone and give ex of each
Long - clavicle/humerus/radius/ulna/femur/tibia/fibula/metacarpals/metatarsals/phalanges Short - carpals/tarsals Irrecular - vertebrae/sacrum/ flat - skull, scapular, hip bone, sternum, ribs sesamoid - patella
26
What is the function of the fontaneles
allow baby's head to move through birth canal
27
What is special name for 1st vertebrae
atlas
28
How many intervertebral discs are there
24
29
What is the medical name for the bone in the upper arm
Humerus
30
What is the medical name for the bigger bone in the lower leg?
Tibia
31
Where would you find the sacroiliac joint?
between the pelvis and sacrum
32
Where are the phalanges located?
Fingers and toes
33
What does the term insertion mean
Point of insertion is the point of attachment to the bone the muscle moves
34
What is suture and were would you find one?
fixed joint in skull
35
Give an example of ball & socket joint
hip | shoulder
36
Where would you find a pivot joint?
Radioulnar joint in the arm
37
What is the main function of bursae
cushion movement of tissues against one another
38
What is the term used to describe moving a body part in a circle?
Circumduction
39
What does the term dorsiflexion mean
bending foot up
40
What kind of structure appears white on an x ray
bones, tumours, lungs with pneumonia
41
what does the term pathological fracture mean?
fracture because bone is weakened by disease
42
why do women become more prone to Osteoporois after the menopause?
Reduction in Oestrogen - Oestrogen helps control osteoclast activity
43
suggest 3 risk factors for Osteoporosis
``` smoking high alcohol consumption poor diet sedentary lifestyle family history long term steroid use endocrine problems, i.e. inability to produce oestrogen corticosteroid and some anti-epileptic use ```
44
What is rickets
softening of bones due to failed mineralization in matrix
45
Give 3 symptoms of hypercalcaemia
``` muscle weakness letharhgy anorexia nausea polyuria iregular heartbeat ```
46
what is difference between sprain and strain
Sprain - trauma forcing joint beyond its normal range, stretching/tearing ligaments strain is stretching/tearing muscle or tendon (pulled muscle)
47
What is main cause of scoliosis
everyday imbalance (bag on 1 shoulder)
48
What is cause of gradual joint swelling
irritated synovial capsule
49
3 differences beween osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis that would allow you to tell the difference between the two conditions
``` wear & tear V autoimmune articular cartilage V synovial membrane older people V 30-50 Non inflammatory V inflammatory no additional symptoms V additional symptoms ```
50
6 additional complications of R Arthritis
``` Eye problems - pain in/dry eyes subcutaneous nodules Neurological complications General malaise Atlatoaxial sublaxation and compression of spinal cord Kidney problems ```
51
What is main presenting symptom of gout
joint becomes red, swollen, v painful and shiny
52
suggest 2 conditions that may be underlying in a gout sufferer
Obesity Alcohol abuse Artherosclerosis Hypertension (High BP)
53
What is ankylosing spondilitis
chronic inflammation of spine and sacroiliac joints, often leading to spinal fusion (ankylosis) and reduced movement.
54
give 2 possible complications associated with RA
n
55
give 3 possible symptoms of impingement syndrome
nn
56
4 key differences between skeletal & cardiac muscle
n
57
name the two myofilaments found in skeletal muscle
actin | myosin
58
difference between bone and muscle membranes
muscle - epimysium, perimysiem, endomysium | bone periOSteum, endOSTeum

Skeletal System (7 decks)

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