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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Skeletal System 1 > Flashcards

Skeletal System 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Functions of Skeletal System

A

Support and protect soft tissue

Facilitate movement

Produce Blood cells

Mineral and fat storage

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2
Q

2 divisions of skeletal system

A

axial and appendicular

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3
Q

long bones

A

long and narrow
have expanded ends

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4
Q

short bones

A

cube-like, length = width

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5
Q

flat bones

A

plate-like, with broad surface (ie skull)

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6
Q

irregular bones

A

variety of shapes, most connected to several other bones, as in hands and feet

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7
Q

sesamoid bones

A

small round bones, embedded in tendons to help them overcome compressive force

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8
Q

epiphysis

A

expanded end of a long bone

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9
Q

diaphysis

A

bone shaft (long part) of a long bone

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10
Q

metaphysis

A

widening portion between epiphysis and diaphysis in long bone

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11
Q

articular cartilage

A

covers epiphysis (joints)

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12
Q

periosteum

A

encloses bone; dense vascular connective tissue

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13
Q

compact (cortical) bone

A

wall of diaphysis

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14
Q

spongy (cancellous) bone

A

makes up interior epiphysis

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15
Q

trabeculae

A

“spongy part of spongy bone”

branching bony plates, make up spongy bone

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16
Q

medullary cavity

A

hollow chamber in diaphysis; contains marrow

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17
Q

endosteum

A

lines spaces, cavity like bone marrow space

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18
Q

bone marrow

A

red or yellow marrow, lines medullary cavity and spongy bone spaces

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19
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells

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20
Q

lacunae

A

chambers occupied by osteocytes

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21
Q

canaliculi

A

tiny passageways through which the cell processes of osteocytes exchange nutrients and wastes

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22
Q

what makes up the extracellular matrix of bone?

A

collagen fibers and inorganic salts

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23
Q

compact bone

A

Consists of cylindrical units called osteons
* Osteons and layers of matrix, lamellae, cluster around
central canal in each osteon
* Strong and solid
* Weight-bearing
* Resists compression

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24
Q

spongy bone

A

Consists of branching plates called trabeculae
* Somewhat flexible
* Has spaces between trabeculae that reduce the bone’s
weight

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25
hematopoiesis
blood cell formation
26
where does blood cell production occur?
red bone marrow produces red, white blood cells and platelets
27
what does yellow marrow store?
fat
28
what happens to red bone marrow as it ages?
some is replaced by yellow marrow
29
where does red marrow remain in adults?
skull, ribs, sternum, clavicles, vertebrae, hip bones
30
70% of bone matrix is made of what?
inorganic mineral salts
31
what is the most abundant mineral salt in bone matrix?
hydroxyapatite - Calcium Phosphate
32
osteoporosis
condition that results from loss of bone mineralization
33
what regulates blood calcium level?
parathyroid hormone, calcitonin (hormone)
34
bones form when bone tissue replaces existing connective tissue in one of what two ways?
intramembranous bones, endochondral bones
35
Intramembranous Ossification
* Flat skull bones, clavicles, sternum and some facial bones * Bones form between sheets of primitive connective tissue
36
Endochondral Ossification
Long bones and most of skeleton * Bones form from hyaline cartilage models
37
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Hereditary collagen defect, in which forming bones are brittle, and fetus may have many bone fractures
38
Osteoblasts
bone-forming cells that deposit bone matrix around themselves
39
types of bone cells
1. Osteocytes- maintain bone tissue 2. Osteoblasts- synthesize collagen and secrete bone 3. osteogenic cells (osteoprogenitor) -stem cell 4. osteoclasts-resorb bone
40
Primary ossification center:
Area in center of diaphysis, where bone tissue first replaces cartilage
41
Secondary ossification centers
Area of the epiphyses, where spongy bone forms later in development
42
Epiphyseal plate
Band of cartilage that persists between the ossification centers
43
process of enchochondral ossification
(a)-Mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. (b)-The cartilage model of the future bony skeleton and the perichondrium form. (c)-Capillaries penetrate cartilage. Perichondrium transforms into periosteum. Periosteal collar develops. Primary ossification center develops. -Cartilage and chondrocytes continue to grow at ends of the bone. (d)-Secondary ossification centers develop. (e-f)-Cartilage remains at epiphyseal (growth) plate and at joint surface as articular cartilage
44
epiphyseal plate
region at which bone grows in length
45
4 layers of epiphyseal plate
1-Zone of resting cartilage: 2-Zone of proliferating cartilage: 3-Zone of hypertrophic cartilage: 4-Zone of calcified cartilage
46
Zone of resting cartilage - epiphyseal plate
* Layer closest to end of epiphysis * Resting cells; anchor epiphyseal plate to epiphysis
47
zone of proliferating cartilage -epiphyseal plate
rows of young cells, undergoing mitosis
48
Zone of hypertrophic cartilage - epiphyseal plate
Rows of older cells left behind when new cells appear; thicken epiphyseal plate, lengthening the bone * Matrix calcifies, cartilage cells (chondrocytes) die
49
zone of calcified cartilage - epiphyseal plate
Thin layer of dead cartilage cells and calcified matrix
50
when can a bone no longer grow in length?
when ossification centers meet and epiphyseal plate ossifies
51
how much of the skeleton is replaced each year?
10-20%
52
bone resorption
removal of bone by osteoclasts
53
bone deposition
formation of bone by osteoblasts
54
factors affecting bone development and repair
Nutrition, sunlight exposure, hormone levels, and physical exercise Vitamins D, A, C, and growth hormone
55
vitamin d effect on bones
calcium absorption; deficiency causes rickets
56
vitamin a effect on bones
osteoblast and osteoclast activity; deficiency retards bone development
57
vitamin c effect on bones
collagen synthesis; deficiency results in slender, fragile bones
58
growth hormone
stimulates cartilage cell division; insufficiency can cause pituitary dwarfism, excess can cause gigantism in children and acromegaly in adults
59
thyroid hormone
causes replacement of cartilage with bone in epiphyseal plate, osteoblast activity
60
prathyroid hormone (PTH)
stimulates osteoclasts, bone breakdown
61
sex hormones (Estrogen, testosterone)
promote bone formation; stimulate ossification of epiphyseal plates
62
physical stress
stimulates bone growth
63
fracture
crack or break in bone simple (closed) = bone breaks cleanly, but does not penetrate skin compound (open) = broken ends of bone protrude through tissue and skin
64
transverse break
break occurs perpendicular to the long axis of the bone
65
linear break
break occurs parallel to the long axis of the bone
66
non-displaced fracture
bone ends retain their position
67
displaced fracture
bone ends are out of normal alignment
68
stages of bone fracture repair
1) fracture hematoma forms 2) internal and external callus form 3) cartilage is replaced by trabecular bone 4)remodeling occurs
69
fragility fracture
Fracture that occurs after a fall from less than standing height; a sign of low bone density
70
osteopenia
bone loss (can progress to osteoporosis)
71
osteoporosis
severe bone loss that leaves spaces and canals in bone, weakens them
72
how many bones in skeleton?
about 206 some people have extra or fewer bones
73
how many bones in axial skeleton?
80
74
how many bones in appendicular skeleton?
126
75
extra bones that people may have
sutural bones in suture between major skull bones small sesamoid bones in tendons to reduce friction vertebra
76
condyle
rounded process that usually articulates to another bone
77
crest
narrow, ridge-like projection
78
epicondyle
projection situated above a condyle
79
facet
small, nearly flat surface
80
fissure
cleft or groove
81
fontanel
soft spot in the skull where membranes cover the spaces between bone
82
foramen
opening through a bone that usually serves as a passageway for blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments
83
fossa
deep pit or depression
84
fovea
tiny pit or depression
85
head of bone
enlargement on end of bone
86
linea
narrow ridge
87
meatus
tube-like passageway within a bone
88
process
prominent projection on a bone
89
ramus
branch or similar extension
90
sinus
cavity within a bone
91
when does an osteoblast turn into an osteocyte?
when it has a full lamella ring around it
92
spine of bone
thorn-like projection
93
sulcus
furrow or groove
94
suture
interlocking line of union between bones
95
trochanter
relatively large process
96
tuburcle
knob-like process
97
tuberosity
knob-like process larger than a tubercle

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (7 decks)

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