Skeletal system Flashcards
1
Q
Name all 20 bones in the body.
A
- Cranium
- Clavicle
- Sternum
- Ribs
- Humerus
- Verterbrae
- Radius
- Ulna
- Carpals
- Metacarpals
- Pelvis
- Femur
- Patella
- Tibia
- Fibia
- Tarsals
- Talus
- Metatarsals
- Phalanges
2
Q
What does ‘anterior’ mean?
A
To the front of
3
Q
What does ‘posterior’ mean?
A
To the rear of
4
Q
What does ‘medial’ mean?
A
Towards the midline
5
Q
What does ‘lateral’ mean?
A
Away from the midline
6
Q
What does ‘proximal’ mean?
A
Closest to
7
Q
What does ‘distal’ mean?
A
Furthest away
8
Q
What does ‘superior’ mean?
A
Above
9
Q
What does ‘inferior’ mean?
A
Below
10
Q
What are the 5 types of bone?
A
- Long
- Short
- Irregular
- Flat
- Sesamoid
11
Q
What is the shaft known as on a long bone?
A
Diaphysis
12
Q
What are the two expanding ends called on a long bone?
A
The epiphysis
13
Q
What are 3 examples of long bones?
A
Humerus, radius, ulna
14
Q
What are 2 characteristics of a short bone?
A
Small and light
15
Q
What are 2 examples of short bones?
A
Carpals and tarsals
16
Q
What are the 3 characteristics of flat bones?
A
Thin, flattened and slightly curved
17
Q
What are 3 examples of flat bones?
A
Scapula, sternum and cranium
18
Q
What is an example of an irregular bone?
A
The bones in the verterbrae
19
Q
Where are sesamoid bones typically found?
A
Within a tendon
20
Q
What do sesamoid bones provide?
A
A smooth surface for the tendon to slide over
21
Q
What is an example of a sesamoid bone?
A
The patella
22
Q
What 2 areas is the skeleton divided into?
A
Axial skeleton and Appendicular skeleton
23
Q
What 4 bones make up the axial skeleton?
A
Cranium, sternum, ribs and vertebrae
24
Q
Which bones make up the appendicualr skeleton?
A
All of the bones that attach to the axial skeleton
25
How many irregular bones make up the vertebrae?
33
26
What 5 sections is the vertebral column made up of?
- Cervical
- Thoracic
- Lumbar
- Sacral
- Coccyx
27
What is the cervical section of the vertebral column?
The top 7 vertebrae of the neck
28
What is the thoracic section of the vertebral column?
The 12 vertebrae of the mid-spine
29
What is the lumbar section of the vertebral column?
The largest 5 vertebrae of the lower spine
30
What is the sacral section of the vertebral column?
The 5 fused vertebrae which forms the sacram
31
What is the coccyx section of the vertebral column?
The 4 fused vertebrae which forms the coccyx
32
What are the 5 functions of the vertebral column?
- To protect spinal cord
- To support the rib cage
- To support body weight
- Offers attachment for muscles in the back
- Intervertebral discs recieve and distribute impact
33
How many curves should a neutral spine have?
3
34
What is kyphosis of the spine?
The excessive outward curve of the thoracic region
35
What is scoliosis of the spine?
Abnormal curvature of the spine from left to right
36
What is ossification?
The process in which bones are formed
37
What are osteoclasts?
Cells that remove excess calcium
38
What are osteoblasts?
Cells that bring calcium to the bone
39
How does a bone grow?
The epiphyseal plates on a long bone, extend
40
What are the 8 functions of the skeletal system?
1) Support
2) Protection
3) Attachment for skeletal muscle
4) Source of blood cell production
5) Store of minerals
6) Leverage
7) Weight bearing
8) Reduction friction across a joint
41
What are the 3 types of joints?
- Fixed
- Slightly moveable
- Synovial
42
How are fixed joints formed?
When bones interlock during early childhood
43
What is an example of a fixed joint?
Cranium
44
What are slightly moveable joints known as?
Cartilaginous
45
What are the ends of slightly moveable joints covered with?
Articular cartilage
46
What is an example of a slightly moveable joint?
Sections of the vertebrae
47
Are synovial joints able to move?
Yes
48
What does a ligament do?
Attach bone to bone
49
What does a tendon do?
Attach muscle to bone
50
What are the 6 examples of synovial joints?
- Hinge
- Ball and socket
- Condyloid
- Gliding
- Pivot
- Saddle
51
Where are hinge joints found?
Elbow, knee and ankle
52
Where are ball and socket joints found?
Hip and shoulder
53
Where are condyloid joints found?
Wrist
54
Where are gliding joints found?
Ankle
55
What movements can a condyloid joint do?
Forwards, backwards and side to side
56
What movement can a pivot joint do?
Rotation
57
What is an example of a pivot joint?
Neck
58
What is an example of a saddle joint?
Thumb
59
What bones form the elbow joint?
Humerus, radius, ulna
60
What bones form the knee joint?
Femur and tibia
61
What bones form the ankle joint?
Tibia, fibula and talus
62
What bones form the hip joint?
Femur and pelvis
63
What bones form the shoulder joint?
Humerus and scapula
64
What is lateral flexion?
Movement of bending sideways from the waist
65
What is horizontal flexion?
With a straight arm or leg, moving that limb in front of your body
66
What is horizontal extension?
Moving the limb away from the front of the body
67
What is hyperextension?
Movement beyond the normal anatomical position, in the opposite direction to flexion
68
What is circumduction?
A circular movement that results in a conical action
69
What are the 2 responses of the skeletal system?
- Production of synovial fluid
- Increase in mineral uptake
70
What does synovial fluid help with?
Making the joint more lubricated
71
What happens to the synovial fluid during exercise?
It becomes less viscous and the range of movement increases
72
What does the synovial fluid provide?
Nutrients for the articular cartilage
73
What happens to your bones the more they are used?
They become stronger and denser
74
What happens to our bones when we perform weight bearing activities?
The body absorbs minerals such as calcium to increase bone mineral density
75
What is the adaptation of the skeletal system?
Increase in ligament strength
76
What happens to ligaments over time?
They become more pliable to increase flexibility and range of movement
77
What are the 3 additional factors of the skeletal system?
- Arthritis
- Osteoporosis
- Age
78
What is arthritis?
An inflammation to a synovial joint
79
What is the most common type of arthritis?
Osteoarthritis
80
How is arthritis caused?
Through the reduction of cartilage around the bone
81
How does exercise prevent arthritis?
Our joints produce more synovial fluid to reduce friction and provide the cartilage with more minerals
82
What is osteoporosis?
The weakening of bones due to a loss in calcium or a lack of vitamin D
83
What happens to our bones as we get older?
They lose mineral density and become fragile and brittle
84
How does exercise prevent osteoporosis?
It increases the uptake of minerals to increase bone mineral density
85
What type of training shouldn't be done at a young age?
Resistance/weight training
