Skeletal System Flashcards by Hannah Small

What is the function of the skeleton?

Support 
Protection 
Movement
Shape 
Blood cell production &amp; mineral salt storage

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Why do we need the skeleton for support?

Otherwise we would collapse

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Why do we need the skeleton for protection?

Protects vital organs

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Why do we need the skeleton for movement?

The attachment for muscles

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Why do we need the skeleton for blood cell production & mineral salt storage?

Red & white blood cells produced in bone marrow & calcium stored in bones

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What are the 5 bone classifications?

Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Sesamoid

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Characteristics & examples of LONG bones

Length greater than width
Act as levers, pulled by contracting muscles

Arms, legs

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Characteristics & examples of SHORT bones

Equal in length, width & thickness
Irregularly shaped

Carpals, tarsals

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Characteristics & examples of FLAT bones

More curved & thin than flat

Ribs, sternum, scapulae

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Characteristics & examples of IRREGULAR bones

Vertebrae

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Characteristics & examples of SESAMOID bones

Small bones embedded with certain tendons that connect bones to muscles

Patella

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What are the 3 types of cartilage?

Yellow/elastic
Hyaline or articular cartilage
White fibrocartilage

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Characteristics & examples of YELLOW/ELASTIC cartilage

Soft & slightly elastic

Ear lobe & epiglottis

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Characteristics of HYALINE/ARTICULAR cartilage

Solid & smooth protects bones from wear & tear

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Characteristics & examples of WHITE FIBROcartilage

Tough & slightly flexible
Shock absorber
Prevents damage to bone

Between vertebrae

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Tendons connect..

Muscle to bone

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Ligaments connect..

Bone to bone

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An example of a tendon

Achilles tendon

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An example of a ligament

Cruciate ligament of the knee

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What bones does the axial skeleton consist of?

Skull
Vertebral column
Sternum
Ribs

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What bones does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

Shoulder girdle
Hip girdle
Bones of the arm
Bones of the hands
Bones of the legs
Bones of the feet

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What is a joint?

Where the two or more bones meet

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What does a synovial joint do?

It allows free movement

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The 5 common features of a synovial joint

Synovial fluid
Articular cartilage
Joint capsule
Bursa
Ligament

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What is the structure & function of the SYNOVIAL FLUID in a synovial joint?

Lubricating liquid contained within the joint cavity | Reduces friction and nourishes articular cartilage

What is the structure & function of the ARTICULAR CARTILAGE in a synovial joint?

Smooth tissue which covers the surface of articulating bones | Absorbs shock and allows friction free movement

What is the structure & function of the JOINT CAPSULE in a synovial joint?

A fibrous sac with an inner synovial membrane | Encloses and strengthens the joint secreting synovial fluid

What is the structure & function of the BURSA in a synovial joint?

A closed fluid filled sac found where the tendons rub over bones Reduces friction between tendons and bones

What is the structure & function of the LIGAMENT in a synovial joint?

A tough band of slightly elastic connective tissue | Connects bone to bone and stabilises joint during movement

Articulating bones of the spine

Vertebrae

Articulating bones of the knee

Femur, tibia, patella

Articulating bones of the ankle

Tibia, tarsal

Articulating bones of the shoulder

Humerus, scapula

What are the 4 types of joints?

Ball & socket Pivot Hinge Condyloid

Features of the ball & socket joint | *shoulder & hip*

Top of humerus & femur shaped like a ball | Fits into the cup in the scapula and pelvis

Features of the pivot joint | *neck*

Ring of bone sits on top of peg | Only movement is rotation

Features of the hinge joint | *elbow, knee & ankle*

Two or more long bones come together Like a door Only moves two ways extension and flexion

Features of the condyloid joint | *wrist*

Allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction & circumduction

What are the 3 planes of movement?

Sagittal, Horizontal & Frontal

Anterior means..

front

Posterior means..

back

Proximal means..

closer to where arm/leg inserts into the body

Distal means..

further to where arm/leg inserts into the body

Superior means..

above/towards head

Inferior means..

towards feet/below

Medial means..

closer to midline

Lateral means..

further from midline

Sagittal cuts the body..

lengthwise (vertical)

Frontal cuts the body..

sideways

Transverse cuts the body..

horizontally

Flexion is when the angle of the joint is..

reduced

Extension is when the angle of the joint is..

increased

Flexion and extension happens at the..

``` Elbow Hip Shoulder Vertebral Column Knee Phalanges ```

Abduction is the movement..

away from the midline of the body

Adduction is the movement..

towards the midline of the body

Abduction and adduction happens at the..

Wrist Hip Shoulder

Circumduction is when the..

proximal end of the bone remains still. The distal end makes a circular action.

Rotation is the movement about a..

central axis

Circumduction and rotation happens at the..

shoulder&hip atlas&vertebrae axis&radio-ulnar

Supination is..

turning the hand so the palm is upward | facing anteriorly

Pronation is..

turning the hand so the palm is downward | facing posteriorly

Supination and pronation happens at the..

wrist

Horizontal flexion is the movement..

TOWARDS from the midline of the body in horizontal plane

Horizontal extension is the movement..

AWAY from the midline of the body in horizontal plane

Horizontal flexion and horizontal extension happens at the..

Shoulder & hip

Dorsiflexion is the movement that brings the..

top of the foot towards the shin

Plantar flexion is the movement that brings the..

sole of the foot downward | pointing toes

Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion happens at the..

ankle joint

Lateral flexion is the..

bending of the spine to the side

Lateral extension is the..

spine returning to anatomical position (normal)

Lateral flexion and lateral extension happens at the..

spine

Retraction is the..

backward (posterior) movement of the scapula (shoulder blade)

Protraction is the..

forward (anterior) movement of the scapula (shoulder blade)

Retraction and protraction happens at the..

shoulder girdle

Inversion is..

turning the foot so the sole faces inwards (medially)

Eversion is..

turning the foot so the sole faces outwards (laterally)

Inversion and eversion happens at the..

ankle joint

Elevation is when the..

scapula moves upwards

Depression is when the..

scapula moves downwards

Elevation and depression happens at the..

shoulder girdle

Skeletal System Flashcards

(80 cards)