Skeletal System Flashcards
What are the bones in the axial skeleton?
- skull
- hyoid bone
- vertebral column
- Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum)
What are the bones in the appendicular skeleton?
- pectoral girdle
- pelvic girdle
- upper limb (arm, forearm, hand)
- Lower limb (thigh, leg, foot)
Name the 8 bones of the cranium.
- frontal
- left parietal
- right parietal
- right temporal
- left temporal
- Ethmoid
- Sphenoid
- Occipital
Name the 14 facial bones.
- Mandible
- right nasal
- left nasal
- right inferior nasal conchae
- left inferior nasal conchae
- left zygomatic
- right zygomatic
- right maxillae
- left maxillae
- left palatine
- right palatine
- right lacrimal
- left lacrimal
- vomer
Name the 3 auditory bones.
- Stapes
- Malleus
- Incus
Name the five sections of the vertebral column.
- cervical (7)
- Thoracic (12)
- Lumbar (5)
- Sacrum
- Coccyx
C1 and C2 are atypical vertebrae, what are their names?
C1 = atlas
- no body or spinous process, articulates with occipital condyles of the skull
- allows for nodding motion
C2 = Axis
- dens (odontoid process), pivot joint allows for swivel
- allows for shaking of the head
What are the two curvatures of the spinal column?
- Cervical and lumbar
- curved convex anteriorly and concave posteriorly - Thoracic and sacral
- curved convex posteriorly and concave anteriorly
What are the three abnormal curvatures of the spine?
- Scoliosis
- Kyphosis - exaggerated thoracic curve
- Lordosis - exaggerated lumbar curve
Name the three parts of the sternum.
- Manubrium
- body.
- Xiphoid process
Which ribs are considered to be false? As they are not attached to the sternum directly or by cartilage.
Ribs 11 and 12
Name the parts of the pectoral girdle.
- clavicle - articulates with the scapula at the acromion process and the sternum at the manubrium
- scapula - glenoid fossa articulates with the humerus and the coracoid process is where many muscles for the arm and chest connect
Name the parts of the pelvic girdle
- ilium - articulates with the sacrum
- ischium - most inferior part - ischial tuberosity
- pubis - left and right joined by the pubic symphysis
- Acetabulum - articulates with the head of the femur
Name the bones of the upper limb.
- humerus
- radius
- ulna
- carpals (8)
- metacarpals (5)
- Phalanges (14)
Name the bones of the lower limb.
- femur
- patella
- tibia (medial)
- fibula (lateral)
- tarsals (7)
- talus articulates with the tibia
- calcaneus is the heel bone - metatarsals (5)
- phalanges (14)
Name the 8 components of the long bone.
- Diaphysis - shaft
- Epiphyses - proximal and distal extremities
- Epiphyseal plate - cartilage used for growth
- Epiphyseal line - replaces plate when bone growth complete
- medullary cavity - red marrow in child and yellow marrow in adults
- periosteum - most extrenal surface, 2 layers of connective tissue. Outer = dense irregular inner = osteoblasts and osteoclasts, diameter bone growth
- Endosteum - lines medullar cavity and canals
- Articular cartilage - hyaline cartilage prevents friction between bones
What are the 6 things that makeup bone?
- osteoblasts
- osteoclasts
- osteocytes
- ground substance - hydroxyapatite
- collagen fibers
- water
Name the components of an osteon. Which then comes together to compose compact bone.
- Lamellae - arranged in concentric circles
- Lacunae - space within the matrix where osteocytes live
- Canaliculi - small canals that connect osteocytes with other osteocytes and blood
- Central canal - contains blood vessels and nerves lined with endosteum
- perforating canals - perpendicular to central canals, carries blood supply from periosteum to medullary cavity and central canals
Describe spongy bone.
Spongy bone doesn’t have osteons, they have irregularly arranged lamellae called trabeculae. Canaliculi connects osteocytes in lacunae. The spaces contain red bone marrow which produces blood cells.
Name the three types of structural classification joints/articulations.
- fibrous - no joint cavity - ie. sutures in the skull
- cartilaginous - no joint cavity - ie. pubic symphysis
- Synovial joints - joint cavity contains synovial fluid
- outer layer of joint capsule = fibrous capsule which attaches to the periosteum and may have ligaments within
- inner layer = synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid
Name the four types of joints.
- plane/gliding - sacroiliac
- hinge - elbow
- pivot - dens in atlas
- ball and socket - femur in the acetabulum
Name the three functional classifications of joints based on their degree of movement.
- Synarthrotic - immovable
- Amphiarthrotic - slightly movable
- Diarthrotic - freely movable
