skeletal system (test)

Question 1

what are the functions of the skeletal system?

Answer 1

1. works with muscles for movement
2. makes blood cells
3. protects internal organs
4. stores calcium

Question 2

how many types of bones are there? name them and give a brief description of each.

Answer 2

1. long bones - long
2. short bones - short
3. sesamoid bones - sesame shaped
4. flat bones - flat
5. irregular bones - oddly shaped
6. sutural bones - found between fused bones

Question 3

what bones are found in the axial skeleton?

Answer 3

the skull, vertebral column, and ribcage (sternum + ribs)

Question 4

what is the function of the skull?

Answer 4

protects the brain and guards the openings to the digestive/respiratory system

Question 5

what is the function of the vertebral column?

Answer 5

protects the spinal cord and distributes weight to the lower extremities

Question 6

what is the function of the ribcage?

Answer 6

protects organs and takes part in breathing

Question 7

what bones are found in the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 7

upper extremities: clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

lower extremities: pelvis, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

Question 8

which two places connect the axial and appendicular skeleton? which bones are involved?

Answer 8

1. clavicle to the manubrium of sternum
2. sacrum to pelvic bones

Question 9

why do cranial sutures exist?

Answer 9

cranial bones don’t fuse until after birth to allow the head to fit through the birth canal

Question 10

what is the foramen magnum? where is it located?

Answer 10

an opening that allows the spinal cord to pass through to the vertebral column; located on the inferior part of the skull (base of cranium)

Question 11

as we move inferiorly from the cervical region to the lumbar region, why does the body of the vertebrae get bigger?

Answer 11

it gets bigger to support more body weight lower in the vertebral column

Question 12

as we move inferiorly from the cervical region to the lumbar region, why do the vertebrae foramen get smaller?

Answer 12

it gets smaller because the spinal cord gets smaller due to nerves exiting

Question 13

which facial bone gives us the upper jaw?

Answer 13

maxilla

Question 14

which facial bone gives us the lower jaw?

Answer 14

mandible

Question 15

which facial bone gives us the cheekbones?

Answer 15

zygomatic bone

Question 16

what is the purpose of the natural curvature of the spine?

Answer 16

weight distribution (to the lower extremities)

Question 17

what is the over-curvature of the thoracic spine?

Answer 17

kyphosis

Question 18

what is the over-curvature of the lumbar spine?

Answer 18

lordosis

Question 19

what is the lateral curvature of the spine?

Answer 19

scoliosis

Question 20

what is the function of the spinous and transverse processes on vertebrae?

Answer 20

spinous: muscle attachment
transverse: muscle attachment (except in thoracic where it articulates with ribs)

Question 21

what is the importance of the intervertebral discs?

Answer 21

shock absorption

Question 22

what are the differences between true ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs?

Answer 22

true ribs: attach directly to the sternum
false ribs: do not attach directly to the sternum
floating ribs: only attach to the vertebrae

Question 23

what ribs are true ribs? false ribs? floating ribs?

Answer 23

true ribs: pairs 1-7
false ribs: pairs 8-12
floating ribs: pairs 11-12

Question 24

what part of the sternum do ribs attach to?

Answer 24

the body

Question 25

what part of the vertebral column do ribs attach to?

Answer 25

the thoracic vertebrae

Question 26

which bones are in the pectoral girdle?

Answer 26

calvicle and scapula

Question 27

what bone makes up the arm bone?

Answer 27

humerus

Question 28

which bones are in the forearm? which is more medial and which is more lateral?

Answer 28

ulna (medial) and radius (lateral)

Question 29

what do we call wrist bones? hand bones? finger bones?

Answer 29

wrist: carpals hand: metacarpals finger: phalanges

Question 30

what do we call the thigh bone?

Answer 30

the femur

Question 31

what bones are in the leg? which is more medial and which is more lateral?

Answer 31

tibia (medial) and fibula (lateral)

Question 32

what do we call the knee bone?

Answer 32

patella

Question 33

what do we call the ankle bones? foot bones? toe bones?

Answer 33

ankle: tarsals foot: metatarsals toe: phalanges

Question 34

what is similar between the number of phalanges in your foot and hand?

Answer 34

hallux/pollex: two phalanges other fingers/toes: three phalanges

Question 35

how is the pelvis different from the pelvic girdle?

Answer 35

pelvis: 2 pelvic bones pelvic girdle: 2 pelvic bones, sacrum, coccyx

Question 36

what are the differences between the female and male pelvis?

Answer 36

F: larger angle between pelvic bones, sacrum/coccyx is more posterior, wider distance between the ilium and iliac spines M: smaller angle between pelvic bones, sacrum/coccyx is more anterior, narrower distance between the ilium and iliac spines

Question 37

what are the functions of osteoblasts?

Answer 37

makes the bone matrix

Question 38

what are the functions of osteoclasts?

Answer 38

large cells that break down the bone matrix

Question 39

what are the functions of osteocytes?

Answer 39

the main bone cells that regulate bone function

Question 40

what are the functions of osteoprogenitors?

Answer 40

bone stem cells that make/differentiate into other bone cells

Question 41

what are the three stages of bone healing?

Answer 41

1. hematoma development 2. fibrocartilage development/callus development 3. callus replacement and remodeling

Question 42

describe hematoma development

Answer 42

when a blood clot forms at the site of the fracture

Question 43

describe fibrocartilage development/callus development

Answer 43

fibrocartilage replaces the blood clot formed in stage one

Question 44

describe callus replacement and remodeling

Answer 44

callus is replaced by spongy bone, then compact bone

Question 45

what does it mean for a fracture to be displaced?

Answer 45

bone fractures are no longer aligned

Question 46

what does it mean for a fracture to be nondisplaced?

Answer 46

bone fractures are still aligned

Question 47

what does it mean for a fracture to be complete?

Answer 47

the bone is broken all the way through

Question 48

what does it mean for a fracture to be incomplete?

Answer 48

the bone is broken partially

Question 49

what does it mean for a fracture to be linear?

Answer 49

along the long axis (superior --> inferior)

Question 50

what does it mean for a fracture to be transverse?

Answer 50

along the short axis (medial --> lateral)

Question 51

what does it mean for a fracture to be compound?

Answer 51

when it breaks/pokes through the skin

Question 52

what does it mean for a fracture to be simple?

Answer 52

when the bone remains inside the body (doesn't break skin)

Question 53

what is a greenstick fracture?

Answer 53

occurs when the bone breaks incompletely (broken on one side, bent on the other)

Question 54

what is a transverse fracture?

Answer 54

occurs when the bone is broken across the bone perpendicular to the long axis (right angles)

Question 55

what is an oblique fracture?

Answer 55

occurs when the bone is broken diagonally

Question 56

what is a spiral fracture?

Answer 56

occurs due to torsion/twisting

Question 57

what is a comminuted fracture?

Answer 57

occurs when the bone is broken into three or more fragments

Question 58

what is a stress/compression/hairline fracture?

Answer 58

tiny fractures caused by slow pressure over time; doesn't break the bone clean