Skill Acquisition Flashcards
What year did Fitts and Posner publish the 3-stage model for skill acquisition?
1967
Name the three stages of Fitts and Posner’s model.
Cognitive - Associative - Autonomous
Define degrees of freedom.
Degrees of freedom references the variability in movement that comes from the body being a complex system.
Define invariant features of movement
The invariant features of movement reference the absolute minimum movement requirements that a beginner believes are necessary to complete a movement task.
What are the key characteristics of the cognitive stage?
High cognitive demands, freezing the degrees of freedom around the invariant features of movement, numerous errors, and a lack of capability to determine the cause of the errors.
What are the key characteristics of the autonomous stage?
High movement proficiency and fluidity, consistent with few errors. Can be vulnerable to conscious intrusion.
What theory can be used to explain choking during high-anxiety situations?
The Theory of Reinvestment
Explain the theory of reinvestment.
The theory of reinvestment suggests that performers in the autonomous stage can ‘reinvest’ into the cognitive stage during high-stress situations; causing them to freeze degrees of freedom and make more movement errors.
In what year did Gentile publish the 2-stage model for skill acquisition?
1972.
What is included in the first stage of Gentile’s model?
The development of basic movement patterns and the development of the ability to discriminate between regulatory and non-regulatory conditions.
Define the difference between regulatory and non-regulatory conditions.
Regulatory conditions specifically effect movement whilst non-regulatory conditions instead influence movement outcome.
TRUE or FALSE: Non-regulatory conditions cannot become regulatory.
FALSE, non-regulatory conditions can become regulatory if they begin to influence movement.
Briefly describe the second stage of Gentile’s model.
Performance of a closed skill leads to fixation (a refinement of the movement pattern) whilst performance of an open skill leads to diversification (adaptation of movement to environmental demand).
