Implicit Motor Leaning Flashcards
What do self-focus theories of choking all agree on?
Conscious attempts to control movement ironically hurts performance.
What is working memeory?
A temporary storage space where incoming information is held and manipulated. (Baddeley and Hitch, 1974)
What links visuo-spatial and verbal components of memory?
They both have a finite capacity and require a ‘central executive’ to prioritise each component.
Why do people tend to visually disengage whilst thinking about an answer to a question?
Recalling information is primarily a verbal task so the verbal component of working memory is prioritised, and the visuo-spatial component is neglected.
What is declarative knowledge and how does it differ from procedural knowledge?
Declarative knowledge requires awareness, attention, and reflection. Therefore, it can be consciously recalled. Procedural knowledge, however, occurs without higher cognitive processes and is developed through repetition under varying circumstances.
Define explicit processes.
Explicit processes require working memory for the storage and manipulation of working memory. They are usually verbal and, therefore, open to conscious introspection.
Define implicit processes.
Implicit processes are automatic, unavailable for introspection and difficult to verbalize.
Define implicit learning in the context of skill acquisition.
Acquisition of a motor skill with minimal accumulation of explicit verbal knowledge of skill performance.
What is the main benefit to implicitly learned skills?
They have a higher robustness to stress.
What did Reber (1992) state about implicitly learned skills?
Implicit process are phylogenetically older than explicit processes which causes them to be more stable and resilient.
What is Dual Task Learning?
Technique that looks to load the working memory with second cognitive or motor task, forcing the first task to be learnt explicitly.
What is Errorless Learning?
Technique that denies any information on task completion from the learner, preventing increased cognitive demand from hypothesis testing. Errorless learners tend to perform better under stress.
What is analogy learning?
Technique that focuses on conveying complex information in smaller, easy to digest bundles via analogies and metaphors. The learner is never exposed to an explicit list of detailed movements so the skill is learnt explicitly.
Why isn’t implicit learning adopted more often?
Implicit learning reduces the rate of skill acquisition meaning the results aren’t as obvious. Coaches still tend to use explicit techniques as progress is easier to measure and it appears more effective in the short-term.
