skill acquisition

Question 1

information processing - key points

Answer 1

the set of activities done in a particular sequence by which data produces information

make decisions that result in successful and efficient movements

break down large pieces of information

how we take in information, process it and make decisions

Question 2

basic overview of the model (3 steps)

Answer 2

1. input of information (perception)
2. throughput (decision making)
3. output (response)

Question 3

main sensory inputs

Answer 3

1. visual input -
   track movements, positions
2. auditory input -
   information through hearing, communicate with the team
3. touch input -
   physical sensations through contact with objects
4. proprioceptive input -
   body position, movement, balance, rely on kinaesthetic feedback, execute precise movements
   e.g gymnast adjusting body position on beam

Question 4

stimulus identification

Answer 4

information is gathered from environment and a stimulus is recognised

(input)

Question 5

response selection

Answer 5

gathered information is used to create a motor programme

(throughput/decision making)

Question 6

response programming

Answer 6

the muscle movement produced in response to the stimulus

(output)

Question 7

two information processing models

Answer 7

welfords model
whitings model

Question 8

welford’s model - sensory input

Answer 8

information from sense organs
internal - proprioceptive
external - touch, auditory, visual

Question 9

welford’s model - perception

Answer 9

judging and interpreting information
detection, comparison, recognition

Question 10

welford’s model - selective attention

Answer 10

filter relevant information
block out irrelevant cues

Question 11

welford’s model - decision making

Answer 11

use information to make correct decision
refer back to long term memory for past experiences

Question 12

welford’s model - memory

Answer 12

stss - one second
stm - 30 seconds
ltm - limitless

Question 13

welford’s model - effector control

Answer 13

selected movement is sent to muscles via motor nerve
no movement until this stage

Question 14

whiting’s model abbreviation

Answer 14

p.t.e

Question 15

whiting’s model - input data from display

Answer 15

information from environment overwhelms the senses

Question 16

whiting’s model - receptor systems

Answer 16

sense organs

Question 17

whiting’s model - perceptual mechanisms

Answer 17

selective attention, information in stss is ignored or passed onto short term memory

Question 18

whiting’s model - translatory mechanisms

Answer 18

decision making, motor programme is received from long term memory

Question 19

whiting’s model - effector mechanisms

Answer 19

nerve impulses sent via motor neurone for muscular system to contract

Question 20

whiting’s model - feedback

Answer 20

intrinsic - kinaesthetic
extrinsic - coach

Question 21

role of short term sensory store

Answer 21

information from sense organs
selective attention occurs - important info sent to stm
only available for a few seconds
stss for each sense

Question 22

role of short term memory

Answer 22

working memory
decision making
5-9 items remembered
30 seconds
important info passed to ltm
can be increased by chunking

Question 23

role of long term memory

Answer 23

retained for a long time
store of past experiences
store of motor programmes
limitless capacity
helps process new information

Question 24

strategies to improve selective attention/stss

Answer 24

provide experience
optimum arousal
quality of instruction
intensity of stimulus
train in front of a crowd
mental rehearsal
attentional cues
attentional narrowing

Question 25

strategies to improve stm and ltm

Answer 25

chunking (stm + ltm)
fixed practice (ltm)
use phrases to remember (ltm)
intensify the stimulus (stm+ltm)
unusual/memorable sessions (ltm)
reinforce key aspects (ltm)
avoid overload (stm)
mental rehearsal (ltm)

Question 26

motor programme

Answer 26

a series of sub-routines organised in the correct sequence to perform a movement

stored in long term memory

Question 27

open loop theory

Answer 27

decisions made in the brain

information for one movement sent in one message

feedback can be available - no time to change movements

golf swing

Question 28

closed loop theory

Answer 28

decisions made in the brain

not all information sent together

feedback always available to correct movement patterns

level 2 - feedback via muscles (kinaesthetic), small adjustments - e.g gymnast balancing

level 3 - cognitive process, feedback via brain, takes longer - e.g playing shot in squash

Question 29

benefits of motor programmes

Answer 29

not every part of an action needs to pass through the short term memory - avoids overload

once learned, it can be executed with minimal conscious thought - autonomous

Question 30

schema definition + key points

Answer 30

all the information needed to make a movement decision

stored in the long term memory
essential for adapting
refers to a cognitive framework that organises information

Question 31

schema theory (schmidt) key points/general info

Answer 31

how our brain organises and stores information

opposed open/closed loop theory

motor programmes can be changeable to respond to the situation

larger motor programmes, easier to adapt to new situation

Question 32

schema theory - phases

Answer 32

recall:
1. initial conditions
2. response specifications
—————————————
3. performing skill
—————————————
recognition:
4. sensory consequences
5. response outcomes

Question 33

schema theory - initial conditions

Answer 33

where are they
what’s the situation like

e.g freekick:
where’s the keeper, where the wall is, the angle, height of wall

Question 34

schema theory - response specifications

Answer 34

what is expected
what do they need to do

e.g freekick:
shoot, get the ball over the wall, hit the outside of the ball

Question 35

schema theory - performing skill

Answer 35

run the motor programme

Question 36

schema theory - sensory consequences

Answer 36

how did it look/feel - kinaesthetic

e.g freekick:
score - natural, fluid movement
not - unnatural

Question 37

schema theory - response outcomes

Answer 37

did it work
was it successful

successful - do it again
unsuccessful - adapt next time

Question 38

how to develop schema

Answer 38

variable practice

Question 39

reaction time definition

Answer 39

time from stimulus identification to initiation of a response

Question 40

movement time definition

Answer 40

time from initiation of the response to the completion of the action

Question 41

response time

Answer 41

time from the stimulus identification to the completion of the movement

Question 42

response time equation

Answer 42

response time = reaction time + movement time

Question 43

hick’s law

Answer 43

the more choices the person has, the slower the response time - more information processing/selective attention

less stimuli = faster response time

Question 44

PRP meaning

Answer 44

psychological refractory period

Question 45

psychological refractory period definition

Answer 45

the period of time during which the response to the second stimulus is being slowed because the first stimulus is still being processed

Question 46

example of psychological refractory period - football

Answer 46

stimulus 1 - fake turn
stimulus 2 - actual turn
response 1 - follow fake turn
response 2 - try to follow actual turn
prp - delayed response between s1 and s2