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MAY ANATOMY REVISION > Skin > Flashcards

Skin Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

Recall points for ‘skin’

A 
Intro 
Epidermis 
Dermis 
Features of skin 
Glands
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2
Q

What is the skin ?

A

The largest organ in the body which contains its own nerve and blood supply

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3
Q

Why is the skin important clinically ?

A
  • First organ you notice in a patient
  • It has its own pathology
  • It can provide evidence of underlying conditions
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4
Q

Examples of pathology of the skin

A

Sunburn
Acne
Eczema
Melanoma

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5
Q

Example of underlying conditions which can be seen in the skin

A

liver disease

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6
Q

What are the functions of the skin ?

A

Immune surveillance
UV protection
Energy store
Sensory information

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7
Q

What are the two layers of the skin ?

A

Epidermis

Dermis

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8
Q

What is the basic function of the epidermis ?

A

Prevents water loss from the surface through evaporation

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9
Q

What is the basic function of the dermis ?

A

Reduced risk of external injury
Maintains epidermis by its blood supply
permits body cooling

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10
Q

What is the hypodermis ?

A

Layer found under the dermis but not skin as it is just adipose tissue.

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11
Q

What is the function of the hypodermis ?

A

Anchors skin to underlying structures

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12
Q

Describe the significance of the thickness of the epidermis

A

Thickens varies around the body depending on the function.

Skin is thick on the hands while it is thin on the abdomen.

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13
Q

Which layers of the skin vary the most in thickness?

A

Stratum corneum and the dermis.

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14
Q

What are the names of the 4 cells found in the epidermis ?

A

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhans cells
Merkel cells

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15
Q

Describe the role of Keratinocytes in the epidermis of the skin

A

Most frequent, contains keratin, is hard and resistant to abrasion.
Extruding lipids mean that it is water proof.
Continually dividing to repair from damage

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16
Q

Describe the role of Melanocytes in the epidermis of the skin

A

Pigment formation

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17
Q

Describe the role of Langerhans cells in the epidermis of the skin

A

Immune surveillance

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18
Q

Describe the role of Merkel cells in the epidermis of the skin

A

Touch receptors

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19
Q

Name the 5 layer of the epidermis

A 
Stratum corneum 
Stratum lucidum 
Stratum granulosum 
Stratum spinosum 
Stratum basale
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20
Q

Describe the Stratum corneum

A

no organelles, flat dead cells containing keratin

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21
Q

Describe the Stratum lucidum

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A

Where keratohyalin is converted to keratin.

It has a 15-30 day turnover.

22
Q

Describe the Stratum granulosum

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A

contains granules that are made of keratohyalin

23
Q

Describe the Stratum spinosum

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A

Preparation layer for keratinisation

24
Q

Describe the Stratum basale

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A

Contains tall columnar cells interspersed with melanocytes and Merkel cells,.
It is bound to BM by hemidesmosomes and forms an irregular interface with the dermis creates dermal papillae which strengthens the join between the two layers.

25
What is kertinisation ?
Organic process whereby keratin is deposited in cells and these become horny as in dead skin, nails, hair
26
What are the names of the two layers of the dermis ?
The papillary layer | The reticular layer
27
Describe the papillary layer
it contains loose connective tissue and cells such as macrophages. It has an irregular interface with the epidermis.
28
What are the functions of the papillary layer?
- Protects against pathogens - Contains blood vessels for thermoregulation - Contains nerve endings which allow the skin to be a sense organ
29
Describe the reticular layer
It is a layer of dense tissue which contains elastic fibres which are found in three planes to skin the skin support. The elastic fibres are then lost in old age
30
List the features of skin
``` Colour Hair Nails Sense organ Thermoregulation Glands ```
31
Describe the skin feature of colour
Skin colour depends on the flow of blood through it and the carotene consumed in the diet. The skin colour also is dependant on the melanin found in it which protects against UV.
32
Which layer is hair derived from ?
Epithelial layer
33
What is the practical use of hair ?
Used in skin repair
34
How does a hair follicle develop ?
A hair follicle is formed by the downward growth of epithelial cells. This follicle is then invaded by blood vessels and the hair begins to grow
35
What are two important structural features of the skin ?
- The arrector pili muscle | - Sebaceous glands
36
Describe the arrector pili muscle
This is a muscle which is attached to the follicle root and base epidermis. It is at an angle and when it contracts it pulls the hair straight.
37
Describe the sebaceous gland
A sebaceous gland forms between the follicle and the arrector pili muscle. It secretes sebum and its function is uncertain.
38
What is a nail plate made of ?
Keratin
39
What part of the finger does a nail plate grow out of?
A nail bed
40
What is the nail bed made of ?
Specialised epithelium which has the same four layers are the normal epithelial. Here the stratum corneum is the nail plate.
41
What is another name for the cuticle ?
The eponychium
42
Describe the eponychium
Thickened layer of skin surrounding the fingernails and toenails which functions to protect the area between the nail and epidermis from exposure to bacteria
43
What is the hyponychium ?
The area of epithelial particularly the thickened portion underlying the free edge of the nail plate
44
What are the four types of sensory receptor found in the skin
``` 1. Meissner’s corpuscles - light touch - fingertips 2. Paccinian corpuscles - vibration & pressure 3. Pain receptors 4. Thermoreceptors ```
45
The skin is used for thermoregulation. What things allow for this regulation ?
Sweat glands Blood vessel dilation Hair
46
There are glands in the skin. What are the two types ?
Sebaceous | Sweat glands
47
Describe sebaceous glands
Hair follicles Holocrine glands Secretes sebum
48
Describe sweat glands
Eccrine - Normal | Apocrine - Pubic
49
What are the structural features of sweat glands ?
``` Simple tubular glands Located in the dermis Coiled secretory portion Coiled and straight duct in dermis Spiral channel in epidermis Watery secretion Thermoregulation ```
50
What kind of cells makes up the epidermis the of the skin ?
Stratified squamous epithelial
51
What kind of cell make up the stratum basel of the skin?
Tall columnar epithelium
52
What kind of tissue is the dermis of the skin ?
Loose connective tissue

MAY ANATOMY REVISION (10 decks)

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