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MAY ANATOMY REVISION > The back > Flashcards

The back Flashcards

(76 cards)

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1
Q

What is the dermatome which supplies the nipples ?

A

T4

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2
Q

What is the dermatome which supplies the belly button ?

A

T10

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3
Q

How many vertebrate are there ?

A

33

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4
Q

What is found in between the vertebrate ?

A

Intervertebral discs

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5
Q

What are the functions of the vertebral column ?

A

Weight bearing
Protection (of the spinal chord, spinal nerves and arteries and veins)
Movement
Site of muscle attachment

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6
Q

How does the spinal chord weight bare?

A

It transfers the weight from the upper body to the lower limbs

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7
Q

Is the spine shock absorbent ?

A

Yes

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8
Q

What parts of the spine make it shock absorbent ?

A

Its curvature

The interverbal discs

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9
Q

Describe the basic parts of a vertebrate

A 
Body 
Pedicle 
Foramen 
Arch 
transverse process 
Inferior and superior articular facet 
Lamina 
Spinous process 
Intervertebral foramen
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10
Q

Draw the basic structure of the vertebrate from the top and the side

A

-

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11
Q

What are the three types of vertebrae ?

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar

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12
Q

What are the features of a cervical vertebrate ?

A
  • Forman transversarium
  • Large and triangular vertebral foramen
  • Short and bifid spinous process
  • Small round body
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13
Q

Draw a cervical vertebrate

A

-

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14
Q

What are the features of a thoracic vertebrate ?

A
  • Costal facets
  • Small and circular vertebral foramen
  • Long, sloping posteroinferiorly spinous process
  • Heart shaped body
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15
Q

Draw a thoracic vertebrate

A

-

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16
Q

What are the features of a lumbar vertebrate ?

A
  • Mammillary process, accessory process
  • Small, triangular vertebral foramen
  • Short, sturdy and rectangular spinous process
  • Large kidney shaped body
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17
Q

Draw a lumber vertebrate

A

-

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18
Q

Describe the arrangement of the articular facets in the three types of vertebrate

A
  • Cervical, allows flexion and extension, and lateral flexion
  • Thoracic, allows rotation
  • lumber allows flexion and extension
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19
Q

What is lordoses ?

A

Outward curvature of the spine which develops in infancy and is found in the cervical and lumbar regions of the spine.

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20
Q

What is kyphoses ?

A

Inward curvature of the spine which develops in the featus and is found in the thoracic and sacral regions of the spine.

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21
Q

What are some examples of abnormal curvature of the spine ?

A
  • Osteoporosis , where there is excessive thoracic kyphosis
  • pregnancy, where there is excessive lumbar lordosis
  • Scoliosis, where the spine curves to the left or right
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22
Q

What are the names of the two parts of the intervertebral discs ?

A

Annulus fibrosis

Nucleus pulposus

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23
Q

What is the nucleus pulposus ?

A

A central core with a high water content

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24
Q

What is the annulus fibrosus ?

A

Layers of fibrocartilage

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25
An example of where fibrocartilage is found in the body ?
In the intervertebral discs
26
What is a herniated discs ?
When the nucleus pulposus bursts through the annulus fibrosus and causes compression of the spinal nerves,
27
Describe the 5 main joints of the spine
``` Intervertebral joints - Secondary cartilaginous (symphyses) Facet joints - Synovial plane Joints with fibs - Synovial plane Skull and atlas - Synovial ellipsoid Atlas and axis - Synovial pivot ```
28
What are the types of synovial joint ?
``` Plane Pivot Condylar (Ellipsoid) Ball and socket Saddle Hinge ```
29
Draw the joints of the spine
-
30
Name the ligaments of the spine
``` Interspinous ligament Supraspinous ligament Anterior longitudinal ligament Posterior longitudinal ligament Ligamentum flava ```
31
What ligament is found between the atlas and axis ?
Transverse ligament
32
What is another name for C1?
Atlas
33
Where does the spinal chord begin ?
Medulla oblongata
34
Where does the spinal chord end ?
L1-L2 in adults | L3 in kids
35
name the features of the spinal chord
``` Conus medullarise Cauda equina Filum terminale Dural sac Dural cistern verebral canal ```
36
What is the conus meduallarise ?
The one like end inferior end of the spinal chord
37
What is the cauda equina ?
The bundle of nerves which comes out of the end of the spinal chord and descends before leaving at there level.
38
What is the filum terminale ?
The continuation of the pia matter
39
What is the dural sac ?
It ends at S2 and is attached to the tip of the coccyx by the filum terminale externum
40
What is the dural cistern ?
The dilated dural sac around S2
41
What is the vertebral canal ?
The vertebral foramen
42
What shape does the grey matter of the spinal chord make ?
H
43
What is found in the grey matter ?
Cell bodies
44
What is found in the white matter ?
Axons of the neurons
45
Draw and label as basic shape of the spinal chord
-
46
How many pairs of spinal nerves come from the spinal chord ?
31
47
Which part of the vertebrate do spinal nerves exit?
through the intervertebral foramen
48
Where is the spinal chord enlarged ?
The cervical and lumbar regions
49
Why is the spinal chord enlarged in the cervical and lumbar regions ?
These are the regions where the ventral rami of the spinal nerves form the nerve plexuses which supply the limbs.
50
What plexuses supplies the upper limb ?
Brachial
51
Where does the brachial plexus arise from ?
C5-T1
52
What plexuses supplies the lower limb ?
Lumbosacral
53
Where does the lumbosacral plexus come from ?
L1-S4
54
What are the different names for the coverings of the heart ?
Dura matter Arachnoid matter Pia matter
55
Where is cerebrospinal fluid found ?
In the subarachnoid space or between the arachnoid and pia matter
56
Where sympathetic outflow from ?
T1-L2
57
Where are sympathetic cell bodies found ?
lateral horn of the spinal chord
58
Where the parasympathetic outflow from ?
S2-S4 | Cranial nerve 3,7,9 and 10
59
Does the spinal chord have a good blood supply ?
yes
60
Where the rich blood supply from the spinal chord ?
From the spinal and segmental medullary arteries
61
What does ischemia mean ?
A decreased blood supply to an area
62
What can ischemia to the spinal chord cause ?
Muscle weakness | Paralysis
63
Where does the blood form the spinal chord drain too ?
cerebral dural venous sinuses
64
Where should a lumber puncture be performed ?
between L3-L4 or L4-L5
65
What are the two groups of muscles in the back ?
Extrinsic group | intrinsic group
66
What is the function of the extrinsic group of back muscles ?
Allows upper limb movement and respiration
67
What is the function of the intrinsic group of back muscles ?
Maintains posture and controlled movement of the vertebral column
68
What are some motions possible by the back ?
Rotation Extension Flexion Lateral flexion
69
What muscles allow bilateral flexion ?
Muscles of the anterior spine i.e. the rectus abdominis and psaos major
70
What muscles allow bilateral extension of the back ?
Errector spinae
71
What muscles allow unilateral rotation and unilateral lateral flexion of the back ?
External obliques, internal obliques and erector spinae
72
What movements do anterior abdominal muscles allow ?
Anterior flexion, lateral flexion and rotation
73
What movements do posterior abdominal muscles allow ?
Flexion, lateral flexion
74
Draw a diagram of the muscles of the back
-
75
What are the names of some of the muscles which are important in the back ?
``` Pasos major Rectus abdominus Erector spinae Trapezius Deltoid External and internal intercostal muscles latissimus dorsi Romboid ```
76
Summary of the spinal level of different things ...
Brachial plexus C5-T1 Sympathetic outflow T1 - L2 Lumbosacral plexus L1 - S4 Parasympathetic outflow S2-S4 and III, XII, IX, X

MAY ANATOMY REVISION (10 decks)

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