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MAY ANATOMY REVISION > Tissue > Flashcards

Tissue Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

Recall points for ‘tissue’

A 
Intro 
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue 
Epithelial tissue 
Connective tissue
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2
Q

What are the three broad components of tissue ?

A

Cells
Extracellular matrix
Tissue fluid

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3
Q

What are the four types of tissue ?

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

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4
Q

Muscle tissue is ….

A

Contractile

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5
Q

What does it mean that muscle tissue is contractile?

A

It shortens lengths and closes down spaces

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6
Q

Describe the cytoplasm of muscle tissue

A

Muscle cells are packed with contractile apparatus

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7
Q

Name the three types of muscle tissue ?

A

Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

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8
Q

Describe skeletal muscle

A

Straited

Highly organised arrangement of contractile proteins

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9
Q

Describe smooth muscle

A

Non-striated

Randomly organised arrangement of contractile proteins

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10
Q

Describe cardiac muscle

A

Straited

Organised arrangement of contractile proteins

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11
Q

What is nervous tissue used for ?

A

Communication. Nervous tissue receives, generates and transmits electrical signals.

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12
Q

What cells are found in nervous tissue ?

A

Neurons and supporter cells called Gila.

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13
Q

What are the different parts of a neuron?

A 
Soma 
Dendrites 
Axon 
Terminals 
Initiation segment
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14
Q

What is the function of epithelial tissue ?

A

Covers surfaces and separates compartments within the body.

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15
Q

Describe the relationship between matrix and cell in epithelial tissue

A

Lots of cells and the cells determine the function

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16
Q

Describe some basic features of epithelial cells?

A

Good regenerative power
Good adaptive power
Variation in thickens

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17
Q

How do epithelial cells maintain coverage?

A
  • Form cell to cell junctions
  • Form junctions with extracellular matrix
  • Don’t have any contact inhibition
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18
Q

What are the names of the three types of cell to cell junctions?

A

Tight junctions
Gap junctions
Desmosomes

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19
Q

What are tight junctions ?

A

They seal intercellular spaces

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20
Q

What are gap junctions ?

A

They allow for cell to cell communication

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21
Q

What are desmosomes ?

A

They create a firm anchorage

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22
Q

How do epithelial cells connect to the matrix?

A

They sit on a basement membrane and form half desmosomes which help to create a firm hold.

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23
Q

How can epithelial cells be classified?

A 
Simple squamous (flat)
Simple cuboidal (square)
Simple columnar (rectangle)
Simple pseudostratified columnar
Stratified squamous 
Satisfied cuboidal 
Stratified Columnar 
Stratified transitional
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24
Q

What makes epithelial simple ?

A

One cell thick

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25
What makes epithelial stratified ?
More than one cell thick
26
Where can transitional epithelial be found ?
Only found in the urinal system
27
What does Satisfied squamous look like ?
Top layer is squamous (i.e. flat)
28
What are some secondary functions of epithelial tissue ?
- Cilia i.e. in the trachea which moves unwanted particles away from the lungs - Villi and microvilli i.e. in the GI tract which help to absorb food molecules.
29
What are glands ?
Collections of secretory epithelial cells
30
Glands can be 1 or 2
Single celled or multicellular
31
Glands can be 3 or 4
Exocrine or endocrine
32
What is an exocrine gland ?
Secrete into tubes
33
What is an endocrine gland ?
Secrete into the blood
34
What are the different shapes which glands can be ?
``` Simple tubular Simple Acinar Compound tubular Compound acinar Compound tubuloachinar ```
35
What are the names of the three methods of exocrine gland secretion ?
Merocrine Apocrine Holocrine
36
What is a merocrine gland ?
The gland remains intact but little vesicles of the substance get secreted out into the lumen. Most exocrine glands secrete this way
37
What is an example of an merocrine gland ?
Thyroid gland
38
What is an apocrine gland ?
Secretion gets pinches off at the apex of the cell and the portion of the cell and secretions are released together into the lumen
39
What is an example of a apocrine gland ?
Sweat glands
40
What is a holocrine gland ?
The whole gland disintegrates with the secretion. The whole gland then regenerates.
41
Example of a holocrine gland
Hair follicle
42
Where kind of secretion does endocrine glands perform ?
Proteinaceous secretion
43
Where would you find both exocrine and endocrine glands ?
The pancreas
44
What are three examples of glands found in the body ?
Mucous glands Serous glands Myoepithelial cells
45
What is a mucous gland ?
A type of exocrine gland. It secretes proteoglycans which when mixed with water become mucus.
46
Where are mucous glands found ?
Trachea and gut
47
What are serous glands ?
A type of exocrine gland which has watery enzyme secretions that are rich in protein.
48
Where are serous glands found ?
pancreas
49
What are myoepithelial cells ?
Muscle type cells that help the gland to get the secretion from the acini into the lumen
50
What problems can arise with epithelial tissues?
``` Over proliferate Under proliferate Over secrete Under secrete Loss of cilia Carcinoma ```
51
What is an example of a gland which can over produce ?
The pituitary gland which released growth hormones and so unregulated released can cause dwarfism or gigantism.
52
What is the function of connective tissue ?
Supports and connects
53
Examples of connective tissue
Bone Bone marrow Cartilage Adipose tissue
54
Describe the contents of connective tissue
Extracellular matrix and tissue fluid as well as cells. The matrix defines the function. Much fewer cells than in epithelial tissue
55
What is the extracellular matrix of connective tissue made up of ?
Fibres A ground substance Tissue fluid
56
Describe the fibres in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue
They are rope like and made of collagen and elastin.
57
Describe collagen fibres
They are inelastic but flexible with great tensile strength. There are more than 19 types. i.e. Tendons and Reticulin. Collagen fibrils come together to form a collagen fibre.
58
What kind of cells make collagen ?
fibroblasts
59
Describe elastic fibres
They consist of protein called elastin and they can stretch 1.5 times there resting length. They contain microfibrils and amorphous components. They are found in sheets rather than fibres and they tend to be yellow.
60
Describe the ground substance in extracellular matrix of connective tissue
Semi solid gel. | Contains proteoglycans.
61
What are the names of the three types of connective tissue ?
Loose Dense regular Dense irregular
62
Describe loose connective tissue
Contains fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes, mast cell and undifferentiated mesenchyme cells.
63
Where can loose connective tissue be found?
Around organs and blood vessels
64
Describe dense regular connective tissue
Strong and moves all moves in the same direction
65
Where can dense regular connective tissue be found?
Muscles Tendons Ligaments
66
Describe dense irregular connective tissue
Flexible | Moves in more than one direction
67
Where can dense irregular connective tissue be found ?
Dermis of the skin | Fibrous capsules of joints
68
What conditions can arise from connective tissue ?
Leukaemia - Cancer of the blood or bone marrow Epidermolysis bullosa - loss of normal fibres in connective tissue Tears in the cartilgae Osteoporosis/petrosis - Weakness of the bones

MAY ANATOMY REVISION (10 decks)

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