Skin

Question 1

skin is composed of two different regions

Answer 1

epidermis

dermis

Question 2

stores fat

anchors the skin to the underlying structures (mostly muscles)

Answer 2

Hypodermis

Question 3

isn’t really part of the skin but shares some of the skin’s protective functions.

Answer 3

Hypodermis

Question 4

Acts as a shock absorber and an insulator preventing heat loss from the body; thickens noticeably when one gains weight

Answer 4

Hypodermis

Question 5

The outermost protective shield of the body

Answer 5

Epidermis

Question 6

Cells of the epidermis

Answer 6

Four types:
Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Merkel cells
Langerhans’ cells

Question 7

Produce keratin (the fibrous protein that helps give the epidermis its protective properties)

Answer 7

Keratinocytes

Question 8

Synthesize the pigment melanin.

Forms a pigment shield that protects the keratinocyte nucleus from the damaging effects of UV radiation in sunlight

Answer 8

Melanocytes

Question 9

Arise from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis.

They’re macrophages that help activate our immune system.

Answer 9

Langerhans’ cells aka Epidermal Dendritic cells

Question 10

Located at the epidermal-dermal junction.
Intimately associated with a disc-like sensory nerve ending.
The combo is called a Merkel disc and functions as a sensory receptor for touch

Answer 10

Merkel cells

Question 11

Layers of the epidermis

Answer 11

From superficial to deep they are:
stratum corneum
stratum lucidium
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basal

Question 12

attached to the underlying dermis

Answer 12

Stratum Basale (Basal Layer)

Question 13

several layers thick; prickly layer

Answer 13

Stratum Spinosum

Question 14

(Granular Layer) – three to five cell layers thick.

Answer 14

Stratum Granulosum

Question 15

(Clear Layer) – consists of a few rows of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes with indistinct boundaries.

Answer 15

Stratum Lucidum

Question 16

(Horny Layer) – outermost layer is 20-30 cell layers thick and accounts for up to ¾ of the epidermal thickness.

Answer 16

Stratum Corneum

Question 17

strong, flexible connective tissue.
Cells found are fibroblasts, macrophages, and occasional mast cells and white blood cells.
Semi-fluid matrix is heavily embedded with collagen,
elastin, and reticular fibers
Binds the entire body together like a body stocking.
It’s your “hide”.

Answer 17

Dermis

Question 18

The major portions of hair follicles, as well as oil and sweat glands reside in

Answer 18

dermis

Question 19

Under the epidermis and makes up the bulk of the skin

Answer 19

dermis

Question 20

How many layers in the dermis and what are they

Answer 20

2; papillary and reticular

Question 21

thin, superficial layer of dermis

Answer 21

Papillary

Question 22

Contains free nerve endings and touch receptors called Meissner’s corpuscles

Answer 22

Papillary

Question 23

On the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, papillae lie atop larger mounds called dermal ridges.

Answer 23

Papillary

Question 24

Because sweat pores open along their crests, our fingertips leave identifying films of sweat called

Answer 24

fingerprints

Question 25

is deeper, and accounts for most of the dermal thickness. Contains elastin and collagen fibers (Collagen fibers give skin strength and resiliency, preventing most jabs and scrapes from penetrating the dermis). Collagen binds water, keeping skin hydrated. The elastin provides the stretch-recoil properties of skin

Answer 25

Reticular layer

Question 26

Three pigments contribute to skin color

Answer 26

melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin

Question 27

made in the skin. | Ranges in color from yellow to reddish-brown to black.

Answer 27

melanin

Question 28

a yellow to orange pigment found in plant products such as carrots. Accumulates in the stratum corneum and fatty tissue of the hypodermis. Color is most obvious in the palms and soles

Answer 28

Carotene

Question 29

may indicate embarrassment, fever, hypertension, inflammation, or allergy

Answer 29

Redness or erythema

Question 30

during fear, anger, and certain other types of emotional stress. May also signify anemia or low blood pressure

Answer 30

Pallor or blanching

Question 31

usually signifies a liver disorder

Answer 31

Jaundice or yellow cast

Question 32

sign of Addison’s disease, hypofunction of the adrenal cortex

Answer 32

Bronzing

Question 33

Black and blue marks – reveals where blood escaped from the circulation and clotted beneath the skin

Answer 33

hematomas

Question 34

Appendages of the Skin

Answer 34

Nails Sweat glands Sebaceous (oil) glands Hair follicles and hair

Question 35

Distributed all over the entire skin surface except the nipples and parts of the external genitalia

Answer 35

Sweat (Sudoriferous) Glands

Question 36

Two types of sweat glands

Answer 36

Eccrine sweat glands aka merocrine sweat glands

Question 37

Role of Eccrine sweat glands aka merocrine sweat glands

Answer 37

prevent overheating

Question 38

Location of Eccrine sweat glands aka merocrine sweat glands

Answer 38

abundant on the palms, soles of the feet, and forehead

Question 39

Secretion of abundant on the palms, soles of the feet, and forehead

Answer 39

Sweat

Question 40

Sweat gland mostly in the axillary and anogenital areas

Answer 40

Apocrine sweat glands

Question 41

Secretion is odorless but when its organic molecules are decomposed by bacteria on the skin, it takes on a musky and generally unpleasant odor, the basis of body odor

Answer 41

Apocrine sweat glands

Question 42

found in the lining of the external ear canal. Secretes a sticky, bitter substance called cerumen or earwax.

Answer 42

Ceruminous glands

Question 43

secrete milk

Answer 43

Mammary glands

Question 44

found all over the body except on the palms and soles | Secrete an oily substance called sebum

Answer 44

Sebaceous (Oil) Glands

Question 45

``` secreted into a hair follicle or occasionally to a pore on the skin surface. Softens and lubricates the hair and skin, prevents hair from becoming brittle. Slows water loss from the skin when the external humidity is low. Has bactericidal (bacteria-killing) action. ```

Answer 45

Sebum

Question 46

scale-like modification of the epidermis

Answer 46

nails

Question 47

Forms a clear protective covering on the dorsal surface of the distal part of a finger or toe

Answer 47

Nail

Question 48

Main function - sense insects on the skin before they sting us.

Answer 48

hair

Question 49

shield the eyes, and nose hairs filter larger particles from the air we inhale

Answer 49

eyelash

Question 50

guards the head against physical trauma, heat loss, and sunlight

Answer 50

hair

Question 51

Chief regions of hair

Answer 51

shaft, which projects from the skin. | root, the part embedded in the skin

Question 52

Hairs act as

Answer 52

sensitive touch receptors

Question 53

Hair follicles contain a bundle of smooth muscle cells called

Answer 53

arrector pili muscle.

Question 54

pulls the hair follicle into an upright position and dimples the skin surface to produce goose bumps in response to cold external temperatures or fear

Answer 54

Arrector pili muscle contraction

Question 55

Hair can be classified as

Answer 55

vellus or terminal

Question 56

most vulnerable organ system, exposed to bacteria, abrasion, temperature extremes, and harmful chemicals.

Answer 56

Integumentary System

Question 57

Three types of barriers in the integumentary system

Answer 57

chemical, physical, and biological

Question 58

these include skin secretions and melanin.

Answer 58

chemical barriers

Question 59

provides a chemical pigment shield to prevent UV damage to the viable skin cells

Answer 59

Melanin

Question 60

provided by the continuity of skin and the hardness of its keratinized cells

Answer 60

Physical/Mechanical Barriers

Question 61

barrier that has the Langerhans’ cells of the epidermis, are active elements of the immune system. The dermal macrophages are a second line of defense to get rid of viruses and bacteria

Answer 61

Biological barrier

Question 62

Skin is richly supplied with ___ ___ ____ that are a part of the nervous system

Answer 62

cutaneous sensory receptors

Question 63

alert us to bumps or contacts involving deep pressure

Answer 63

Pacinian receptors

Question 64

report on wind blowing through our hair and a playful tug on a pigtail

Answer 64

Hair follicle receptors

Question 65

sensed by bare nerve endings which wind throughout the skin

Answer 65

Painful stimuli

Question 66

most tumors on the skin are benign but some are malignant (cancerous) and metastasize

Answer 66

skin cancer

Question 67

protein that causes genetically damaged skin cells to commit suicide

Answer 67

Fas

Question 68

accelerate its production of Fas

Answer 68

Sunburned skin

Question 69

Least malignant and most common skin cancer. Cancer lesions occur most often on sun-exposed areas of the face. Appear as shiny, dome-shaped nodules that later develop a central ulcer with a pearly, beaded edge. Relatively slow growing cancer and metastasis rarely occurs before it’s noticed. Full cure by surgical excision in about 99% of cases

Answer 69

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Question 70

Lesion appears as a scaly reddened papule (small, rounded elevation). Found mostly on the head (scalp, ears, and lower lip) and hands. Grows rapidly and metastasizes if not removed. If caught early and removed chance of complete cure is good.

Answer 70

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Question 71

Most dangerous skin cancer. Highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy. Accounts for only about 5% of skin cancers, but it is on the rise. Begins wherever there is pigment on the skin and most cancers appear spontaneously; about one-third develop from pre-existing moles. Usually appears as a spreading brown to black patch which metastasizes rapidly to surrounding lymph and blood vessels

Answer 71

Melanoma

Question 72

The ABCDE rule is great for recognizing melanoma. What is the ABCDE rule?

Answer 72

Asymmetry – two sides of the pigmented spot or mole don’t match Border irregularity – borders of the lesion exhibit indentations Color – pigmented spot contains several colors (blacks, browns, tans, and sometimes blues and reds) Diameter – spot is larger than 6mm in diameter (the size of a pencil eraser) Elevation – elevation above the skin surface

Question 73

tissue damage inflicted by intense heat, electricity, radiation, or certain chemicals, all of which denature cell proteins and cause cell death in affected areas.

Answer 73

burns

Question 74

Burns are classified according to their

Answer 74

severity (depth) as first, second, or third degree burns

Question 75

Burns-only the epidermis is damaged, Symptoms include localized redness, swelling, and pain. Tend to heal in two to three days without special attention Ex. Sunburn

Answer 75

First-degree burns

Question 76

Burns-injures the epidermis and the upper region of the dermis. Symptoms mimic those of first-degree burns, but blisters also appear. Skin regeneration occurs with little or no scarring within three to four weeks provided no infection sets in

Answer 76

Second-degree burns

Question 77

Burns-Involves the entire thickness of the skin. The burned area appears gray-white, cherry red, or blackened and at first there’s no edema. The nerve endings have been destroyed, the burn isn’t painful. Skin will regenerate. Skin grafting is usually done to cover the area(s).

Answer 77

Third-degree burns