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brain and behaviour > skull anatomy > Flashcards

skull anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

how many bones does the skull have?

A

22

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2
Q

how are the skulls of the bone divided?

A

neurocranium

viscerocranium

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3
Q

how many bones of the skull are linked by fibrous joints?

A

21

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4
Q

what is the only non-fibrous joint of the skull?

A

synovial temporomandibular joint

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5
Q

what is the function of the neurocranium?

A

housing the brain

attachment site for the head and neck muscles

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6
Q

what is the function of the viscerocranium?

A
  • Form framework of the face – makes up orbit, nasal cavity and oral cavity
  • Contain cavities for special sense organs (sight, taste and smell)
  • Opening for air and food passage
  • Secure teeth
  • Anchor facial muscles of expression
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7
Q

how many cranial bones are there?

A

8

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8
Q

name all the cranial bones

A

o 2x parietal, 2x temporal, sphenoid, frontal, ethmoid, occipital

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9
Q

how does the frontal bone change throughout development?

A

starts as 2 in development and then they fuse

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10
Q

what does a fracture of the ethmoid bone lead to?

A

CSF leaking into the nose

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11
Q

what is the function of sutures

A

limit movement of the bones

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12
Q

what bone predominantly makes up the zygomatic arch?

A

temporal bone

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13
Q

where is the external acoustic meatus found?

A

outside the temporal bone

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14
Q

what does the temporal bone house?

A

the middle and internal ear

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15
Q

what houses the internal ear?

A

petrous part of the temporal bone

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16
Q

what does the sphenoid bone link?

A

facial skeleton to cranial skeleton

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17
Q

how many pterygoid plates does the sphenoid bone have and what do they do?

A

4

attachment point for pterygoid muscles (muscles of mastication)

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18
Q

what is the sella turcica?

A

bony cradle which protects the pituitary gland

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19
Q

what is the function of the clinoid processes?

A

attachment points for the dura mater in the skull

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20
Q

what are the 3 layers of the meninges?

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

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21
Q

what are the two layers of dura mater in the skull?

A

meningeal

periosteal

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22
Q

where is the periosteal layer found?

A

sticks to the inner layer of the skull

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23
Q

how are inward folds of the dura mater made?

A

when the meningeal layer of the dura mater pulls away from the periosteal layer

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24
Q

name the inward folds of the meningeal layer of dura mater

A

falx cerebri

tentorium cerebelli

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25
Q

what does the falx cerebri do?

A

separates the left and right hemisphere

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26
Q

what does the tentorium cerebelli do?

A

separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum

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27
Q

what is the function of the inward folds of the meningeal layer?

A

help compartmentalise the inside of the skull and gives support to the brain

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28
Q

what is the tentorial notch?

A

hole in the tentorium cerebelli to allow brainstem to pass up to the cerebrum

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29
Q

what are the dural venous sinuses?

A

a network of endothelial lines spaces which are filled with venous blood in the space between dura mater layers

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30
Q

where is the superior saggital sinus?

A

at the top of the falx cerebri

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31
Q

where is the inferior saggital sinus?

A

bottom of the falx cerebri

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32
Q

what does the straight sinus do?

A

joins the supeiror and inferior saggital sinus

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33
Q

what leads into the transverse sinus?

A

the straight sinus

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34
Q

where does the sigmoid sinus leave the skull?

A

through the jugular foramen into the jugular vein

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35
Q

where are the cavernous sinuses found?

A

either side of the pituitary gland

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36
Q

what runs through the cavernous sinus?

A

internal carotid artery and some cranial nerves

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37
Q

what do the petrosal sinuses do?

A

link cavernous sinus to sigmoid and transverse sinuses

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38
Q

what part of the skull do the facial bones form?

A

anterior skull – make up orbit, oral and nasal cavity

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39
Q

what are the orbits?

A

Bilateral pyramidal shaped cavity on the anterior aspect of the skull

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40
Q

what is the function of the orbit?

A

the eyeball, extra-ocular muscles and associated neurovasculature

41
Q

what bones make up the orbit and what aspect of the orbit do they make up?

A

frontal (superior), maxilla (inferior), lacrimal, ethmoid (medial), sphenoid, zygomatic (lateral)

42
Q

which walls of the orbit are thin?

A

medial and inferior walls

43
Q

what part of the orbit is most likely to fracture?

A

medial and inferior walls

44
Q

what makes up the hard palate?

A

maxilla anteriorly and palatine bone posteriorly

45
Q

what makes up the nasal septum?

A

bony and cartilaginous contributions

46
Q

what is either side of the crista galli?

A

cribiform plate

47
Q

which of the conchae are from the ethmoid bone?

A

superior and middle

48
Q

which of the conchae are their own bone?

A

inferior conchae

49
Q

what are the paranasal sinuses?

A

Hollow spaces within the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary bones

50
Q

what lines the paranasal sinuses?

A

mucous membrane

51
Q

where do all the paranasal sinuses drain?

A

the nose

52
Q

where is the frontal sinus?

A

in the frontal bone

53
Q

which is the largest sinus?

A

maxillary sinus

54
Q

explain the drainage in the maxillary sinus

A

Drains into the middle meatus so it has to be full of mucus before it drains

55
Q

where is the sphenoid sinus?

A

behind the nasal cavity

56
Q

what makes up the ethmoid sinus?

A

many small sinuses

57
Q

which bones are most and least developed in the foetal skull?

A

cranial bones are most developed

facial skeleton is underdeveloped and small - jaw is small and no teeth

58
Q

do newborns have sinuses?

A

no

59
Q

what are fontanelle?

A

large spaces between bones where sutures havent formed yet in newborns

60
Q

what is the largest fontanelle?

A

anterior

61
Q

how do dehydrated babies present?

A

depressed anterior fontanelle

62
Q

how does a raised intercranial pressure in a baby present?

A

fontanelle bulges

63
Q

when does the anterior fontanelle close?

A

18 months

64
Q

when does the posterior fontanelle close?

A

12 months

65
Q

what is the function of the fontanelles?

A

allows brain to grow; allows baby to be born without skull fracture

66
Q

what separates the anterior and middle cranial fossa?

A

the lesser wing of the sphenoid

67
Q

what separates the middle and posterior cranial fossa?

A

petrous part of the temporal bone

68
Q

what does the anterior cranial fossa protect?

A

the frontal lobes of the brain

69
Q

what does the middle cranial fossa protect?

A

temporal lobes

70
Q

what sits in the posterior cranial fossa?

A

cerebellum

71
Q

what passes through the foramen spinosum?

A

middle meningeal artery

runs into the skull then underneath the pterion

72
Q

what artery runs under the pterion?

A

middle meningeal artery

73
Q

what passes through the jugular foramen?

A

internal jugular vein

74
Q

describe the passage of the internal carotid artery

A

travels through the carotid canal
through temporal bone
to the foramen lacerum then travels superiorly

75
Q

what is the foramen lacerum?

A

covered over in cartilage, so nothing passes through this

76
Q

what is the weakest point in the skull?

A

pterion

77
Q

what complication arises if the pterion is fractured?

A

laceration to middle meningeal artery leading to an extradural haematoma

78
Q

what bones make up the pterion?

A

parietal bone, squamous part of the temporal bone, the greater wing of sphenoid and the frontal bone

79
Q

how many cranial nerves are there?

A

12

80
Q

where does the olfactory nerve run?

A

inferiorly from the olfactory bulb, through perforated cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone to enter the nasal cavity

81
Q

where does the optic nerve run?

A

Optic nerve transverses the optic canal to enter the orbit

82
Q

where does the occulomotor nerve come from?

A

the midbrain

83
Q

where does the trochlear nerve come from?

A

posterior surface of the midbrain

84
Q

where does the abducens nerve come from?

A

pons

85
Q

where do the occulomotor, trochlear and abducens transverse?

A

the superior orbital fissure to enter the orbit

86
Q

where does the trigeminal nerve emerge from?

A

lateral surface of the pons

87
Q

what are the branches of the trigeminal nerve?

A

ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular

88
Q

where does the opthalmic branch transverse?

A

superior orbital fissure to enter the orbit

89
Q

how does the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve leave the cranium?

A

through the foramen rotundum

90
Q

how does the mandibular branch leave the cranium?

A

through foramen ovale

91
Q

where does the facial nerve emerge from?

A

the pons

92
Q

where does the facial nerve travel?

A

into internal acoustic meatus – inside temporal bone

Leaves temporal bone through stylomastoid foramen (on the base of the skull)

Emerges from the pons

93
Q

where does the vestibulocochlear nerve travel?

A

emerges from the pons and enters the internal acoustic meatus

94
Q

where do the glossopharyngeal and vagus travel?

A
  • Glossopharyngeal nerve emerges from lateral surface of medulla oblongata w vagus
  • Both exit skull via jugular foramen
95
Q

where does the spinal accessory nerve travel from?

A

first 5-6 cervical spinal nerves

96
Q

describe the passage of the spinal accessory nerve?

A
  • Emerges from the first 5-6 cervical spinal nerves
  • Then runs superiorly through foramen magnum alongside the brainstem
  • Leaves skull via jugular foramen
97
Q

what does the spinal accessory nerve innervate?

A

sternocleidomastoid

trapezius

98
Q

where does the hypoglossal nerve emerge from?

A

anterior aspect of the medulla oblongata

99
Q

where does the hypoglossal nerve run?

A

through the hypoglossal canal

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