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Anatomy 6513 UNIT 2 > Skull, Face, Scalp > Flashcards

Skull, Face, Scalp Flashcards

(118 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 2 groups of skull bones?

A

Viscerocranium and Neurocranium

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2
Q

What is the neurocranium?

A

cranial bones to protect brain (w/ meninges)

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3
Q

What bones are within the neurocranium?

A

8 bones

4 singular in midline (frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital)

2 paired (temporal, parietal)

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4
Q

What is the viscerocranium?

A

facial bones that support the anterior cranium

Define the mouth, nose, and most of the orbit

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5
Q

The viscerocranium develops from ____

A

mesenchyme (pharyngeal arches)

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6
Q

What are the bones of the viscerocranium?

A

15 bones

3 singular in midline (ethmoid, vomer, mandible)

6 paired: maxilla, inferior nasal conchae, zygomatic bones, palatine bones, nasal bones, lacrimal bones

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7
Q

Bones are united via ___

A

sutures

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8
Q

Sutures are developmentally _____

A

synchondrosis joints filled with hyaline cartilage

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9
Q

Both maxillae and mandible have _____

A

alveolar processes (tooth sockets)

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10
Q

Main foramen in the mandible: ____

A

mental foramen

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11
Q

Main foramen in the maxilla: ____

A

infraorbital foramen

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12
Q

What are the main features of the mandible?

A 
coronoid process
condyloid process (for TMJ)
Head, neck, ramus, angle, body
Mandibular notch and foramen
Mylohyoid groove
Mental spines/genial tubercles (superior and inferior)
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13
Q

The frontal bone makes up the ____ of the orbit

A

roof

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14
Q

The zygomatic bone makes up the ____ of the orbit

A

lateral wall

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15
Q

The maxilla bone makes up the ____ of the orbit

A

floor and part of the medial wall

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16
Q

The lacrimal bone makes up the ____ of the orbit

A

medial wall

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17
Q

The ethmoid bone makes up the ____ of the orbit

A

medial wall

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18
Q

The sphenoid bone makes up the ____ of the orbit

A

posterior wall

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19
Q

The medial wall of the orbit is made up by:

A

maxilla, lacrimal bone, ethmoid bone

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20
Q

What are the main 5 features of the orbit?

A 
supraorbital foramen/notch
optic canal (foramen)
superior orbital fissure
inferior orbital fissure
lacrimal groove (nasolacrimal canal)
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21
Q

The supraorbital foramen/notch is located in the _____ of the orbit

A

superciliary arch

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22
Q

The optic canal (foramen) is located in the _____ of the orbit

A

medial wall

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23
Q

The superior orbital fissure is located in the _____ of the orbit

A

medial wall

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24
Q

The inferior orbital fissure is located in the _____ of the orbit

A

floor

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25
The lacrimal groove (nasolacrimal canal) communicates betweeen what two structures?
between orbit and nasal cavity
26
What are nasal conchae?
projections from lateral walls in the nasal cavity
27
What are the 3 major nasal conchae and where are they projecting from?
conchae = turbinate superior nasal conchae (ethmoid bone) middle nasal conchae (ethmoid bone) inferior nasal conchae (separate bone altogether)
28
What are the 3 fossae in the cranial vault? What do they each hold?
anterior cranial fossa - holds frontal lobes middle cranial fossa - holds temporal lobes posterior cranial fossa - holds cerebellum and brainstem
29
Paranasal sinuses are spaces within ____ Explain this
spaces within the skull bones these are internal bony features, so cannot be seen unless cut specifically or in radiographs/xrays
30
What are some functions of paranasal sinuses?
make bones lighter, adds resonance to voice
31
Paranasal sinuses are lined by ____
mucousal membrane
32
Paranasal sinuses are continuous with ____
nasal cavity
33
What are the paranasal sinuses?
2 frontal sinuses in frontal bone 3-13 ethmoid sinuses in ethmoid bone 2 sphenoid sinuses in sphenoid (can be 2-5) 2 maxillary sinuses in maxilla
34
What are the layers of the scalp from superficial to deep?
skin, dense connective tissue, aponeurosis, loose connective tissue, pericranium
35
Describe the skin of the scalp
thin except in occipital region contain sebacious glands, sweat glands, hair follicles abundant arterial supply, good venous and lymph drainage
36
Describe the dense connective tissue of the scalp
forms thick, dense, richly vascularized sub-cutaneous layer with cutaneous nn
37
Describe the aponeurosis of the scalp
strong, tendinous sheath covering calveria attachment for frontal/occipital bellies of occipitofrontalis muscle and superior auricular muscle
38
epicranial aponeurosis aka ___
galea aponeurosis
39
What is the musculoaponeurotic epicranius?
the muscles and the epicranial aponeurosis of the scalp
40
What makes up the scalp proper?
skin, dense connective tissue, epicranial aponeurosis
41
Describe the loose connective tissue of the scalp
Sponge-like layer, potential spaces that may distend with fluid due to injury allows free movement of scalp proper over underlying calvaria
42
Describe the pericranium of the scalp
dense layer of connective tissue forms external periosteum of neurocranium which is firmly attached
43
Describe injury to the dense connective layer of the scalp
bleeding profusely can quickly lead to fatality
44
Describe injury to the aponeurotic layer of the scalp
wide gaping of aponeurosis
45
Describe injury to the loose connective tissue layer of the scalp
DANGER SPACE infection can spread easily travels quickly through cranial cavity through EMISSARY VEINS to meninges fluid can move anteriorly to eyelids and to the roof of the nose
46
What is the main muscle of the scalp? What is it made up of?
occipitofrontalis muscle made up of the frontalis m., epicranial aponeurotica (aka galea aponeurotica) and occipitalis m.
47
What is the action of occipitofrontalis muscle?
moves scalp backwards/forwards
48
What are the muscles of the ears? What are their actions?
3 auricular muscles anterior auricular action: protracts ear superior auricular action: elevates ear posterior auricular action: retracts ear
49
Are the auricular muscles superficial or deep?
all 3 auricular muscles (anterior, posterior, superior) are superficial
50
The face extends from ____ to ____
from forehead --> chin from ear --> ear
51
All facial muscles attach to ____
either bone or loose connective tissue
52
is there deep fascia of the face?
no. because all facial muscles attach to either bone or connective tissue
53
all muscles of the face insert on ____
skin!
54
What are the 3 facial muscles located around the eye?
frontalis muscle corrugator supercilli muscle orbicularis oculi muscle
55
Frontalis muscle - Where located? - Action?
forehead around eyes action: raise eyebrows "surprise" look
56
Corrugator supercilli muscle - Where located? - Action?
Just superior to eye *important for botox action: draws eyebrows in "furrowing"
57
Orbicularis oculi muscle - Where located? - Action?
located around the eye (has orbital portion and palpebral portion) action: closes the eye
58
What are the 3 facial muscles around the nasal region?
procerus muscle, nasalis muscle, levator labii superioris alaeque nasi m.
59
Procerus muscle - Where located? - Action?
vertically oriented muscle on bridge of nose action: wrinkles bridge of nose
60
Nasalis muscle - Where located? - Action?
two portions: transverse part and alar part transverse part is located above nostrils alar part is located just inferior to nostrils action: compress and dilate the nostrils
61
Levator labii superioris alaque nasi m | - Action?
dilates nostrils and connects nostrils to upper lip this is why your upper lip raises when you wrinkle your nose
62
Orbicularis Oris m - Where located? - Action?
SUPERFICIAL M Located around the mouth action: closes the mouth
63
Levator labii superioris m - Where located? - Action?
SUPERFICIAL M Comes straight up off of orbicularis oris towards orbicularis oculi action: elevates upper lip
64
Zygomaticus major/minor m - Where located? - Action?
SUPERFICIAL M Zygomatic minor over major Both come off of orbicularis oris and pass zygomatic arch Major is much broader than minor action: draws mouth upward
65
Risorius muscle - Where located? - Action?
SUPERFICIAL M Comes off of commissure of mouth heading posterior retracts corner (commissure of mouth)
66
Mentalis muscle - Where located? - Action?
SUPERFICIAL M Located at the chin Most medial facial muscle Muscle sticks straight out action protrudes lower lio
67
Buccinator muscle - Where located? - Action?
DEEP M Located coming laterally out from mouth heading posterior Action: compresses cheek and assists with mastication
68
Levator anguli oris m - Where located? - Action?
elevates angle of the mouth located at commissure of mouth heading superiorly
69
What are the 4 muscles of mastication?
temporalis muscle, masseter muscle, medial pterygoid muscle, lateral pterygoid muscle
70
Temporalis muscle action
elevates and retracts mandible
71
Masseter muscle action
elevates and clenches mandible
72
Medial pterygoid muscle action
elevates, protracts and rotates mandible
73
Lateral pterygoid muscle action
protrudes and rotates mandible
74
Describe the insertion points of medial pterygoid muscle vs lateral pterygoid muscle
both are relatively medial or lateral on the LATERAL PTERYGOID PLATE
75
Trigeminal supplies _____ (sensory/motor) innervation to ____ (area)
sensory to face and anterior scalp
76
Cervical nerve (C2-3) supplies _____ (sensory/motor) innervation to ____ (area)
sensory to back/head, ears, jaw
77
Facial nerve supplies _____ (sensory/motor) innervation to ____ (area)
motor to mm of facial expression
78
Mandibular CN V3 supplies _____ (sensory/motor) innervation to ____ (area)
motor to mm of mastication
79
What are the branches off of CN V1? Where do they innervate?
OPTHALMIC BRANCHES: 1. supraorbital (central forehead) 2. supratrochlear (medial forehead) 3. infratrochlear (upper nose) 4. external nasal (lower nose) 5. lacrimal n (lateral brow)
80
What are the branches of CN V2? Where do they innervate?
MAXILLARY BRANCHES: 1. zygomaticotemporal nerve (temple) 2. zygomaticofacial nerve (upper cheek) 3. infraorbital nerve (maxilla/upper lip)
81
What are the branches of CN V3? Where do they innervate?
MANDIBULAR BRANCHES: 1. auriculotemporal nerve (ear, temple) 2. buccal nerve (lower cheek) 3. mental nerve (chin/lower ilp)
82
Where is the parotid gland located?
anterior/inferior to ear
83
What is the action of the parotid duct?
to transmit saliva from gland
84
Parotid duct aka ____
stensen's duct
85
Parotid duct crosses ___ muscle, 1-2cm below ____
crosses masseter muscle, 1-2cm below zygomatic arch
86
After crossing masseter muscle, parotid duct turns __ degrees and pierces ____
turns 90degrees to pierce buccinator muscle
87
Parotid duct opens in what location?
in oral cavity opposite 2nd molar
88
The opening of stensen's duct is marked by ____
parotid papillae
89
Any inflammation of the parotid duct is extremely painful. Why?
because connective tissue is continuous with deep cervical fascia
90
Describe calculus formation in the parotid gland?
stones in the gland are associated with chronic parotiditis can occur in all 3 salivary glands (submandibular is most likely)
91
Describe salivary fistulas
openings most can close spontaneously but some need a duct ligation
92
Describe a neoplasm as it relates to parotid gland/duct
neoplasm = abnormal growth of tissue as in cancer 85-90% of mixed tumors are involved with the parotid gland
93
Describe Frey's Syndrome
GUSTATORY SWEATING sweating is thru sympathetic innervation salivating is through parasympathetic innervation following surgery, nerves try to reorganize themselves and mess up so instead of salivating, you sweat
94
Main trunk of CN 7 enters ___ and bifurcates into....
partoid gland bifurcates into SUPERIOR TEMPORAFACIAL NERVE and INFERIOR CERVICOFACIAL NERVE
95
CN 7 gives rise to.... what do these branches innervate?
1. temporal nerve (superior to temples) 2. zygomatic nerve (inferior to arch) 3. buccal nerve (medial to buccinator) 4. mandibular nerve (along inferior mandible) 5. cervical nerve (inferior to platysma muscle) 6. posteror auricular nerve (posterior to lower ear)
96
The facial nerve can be inflamed at what foramen?
stylomastoid foramen
97
Inflammation of the facial nerve can be caused by what?
edema and compression of nerve in facial canal
98
Describe bell's palsy
most common non-traumatic cause of facial paralysis
99
The buccal fat pad is located anterior to what muscle?
masseter muscle
100
Buccal fat pad covers ___ muscle medially
buccinator
101
Buccal fat pad protects ____
parotid duct and buccal branch of cranial nerve 7
102
What helps give cheeks "fuller" appearance
buccal fat pad
103
What are the 2 "buccal nerves"?
buccal nerve of CN 7 | buccal nerve of CN 5
104
What does buccal nerve from CN 7 supply?
MOTOR innervation to buccinator muscle
105
buccal branch of CN 7 travels lateral to what muscle?
masseter muscle
106
What does buccal branch of CN V3 supply?
SENSORY innervation to buccal mucosa/skin of cheek
107
Buccal branch of CN V3 pierces ____
buccinator muscle BUT DOES NOT SUPPLY IT
108
Long buccal nerve aka ____
buccal branch of CN V3
109
Superficial temporal artery is a branch of _____
external carotid artery
110
Superficial temporal vein drains into ___
retromandibular vein
111
Superficial temporal artery/vein run anterior to ____ towards the ___ region
anterior to ear towards the temporal region
112
Superficial temporal artery/vein travel with what nerve?
auriculotemporal nerve
113
Transverse facial artery/vein are branches off of _____ vessels
superficial temporal vessels
114
Transverse facial vessels cross over masseter muscle between what 2 structures
zygomatic arch and parotid duct
115
Transverse facial vessels supply blood to what regions?
upper cheek region (parotid gland, duct, masseter muscle)
116
Facial artery runs ___ to facial vein
anterior
117
Facial vessels both cross ____
mandible and anterior border of masseter muscle
118
Where can facial artery be palpated easily?
at anterior mandible of masseter muscle

Anatomy 6513 UNIT 2 (14 decks)

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