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C. PsS MCAT > Sleep and Consciousness > Flashcards

Sleep and Consciousness Flashcards

1
Q

Mental state characterized by being highly suggestible with focused attention
Increased alpha waves

A

Hypnotism

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2
Q

Memory of something that did not occur
Higher risk of being created during hypnosis

A

false memories

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3
Q

Mental practice associated with increased alpha and theta waves
Fosters self-regulation of attention and awareness

A

meditation

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4
Q

Frequency and order of sleep stages

A

Sleep cycle lasts 90 minutes, goes through multiple sleep stages
Order is N1 → N2 → N3 → N2 → REM → N2

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5
Q

Consists of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

A

Sleep cycle.
One sleep cycle includes both NREM and REM, and lasts approximately 90 minutes
Each subsequent sleep cycle has more REM, such that the last cycle has the most REM sleep
Newborns sleep the longest duration and have the greatest proportion of REM to NREM sleep compared to other age groups

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6
Q

Regulated by melatonin, which is produced by the pineal gland
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus downregulates melatonin production when light levels are high, and upregulates melatonin production when light levels are low

A

Circadian rhythm. Regular body rhythms occurring daily

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7
Q

Occurring in sleep stage 1, these muscle twitches occur while falling asleep

A

Hypnic jerks

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8
Q

Rapid burst of brain activity, occurring in sleep stage 2
Helps maintain peaceful sleep

A

Sleep spindles

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9
Q

Occurring in sleep stage 2, these suppress cortical arousal to maintain sleep
Also function in memory consolidation

A

K-complexes

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10
Q

Occurs during both REM and NREM sleep, but is more vivid and easily recalled during REM sleep.

A

Dream state. Prefrontal cortex activity is reduced during REM, explaining the illogical state of many dreams.

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11
Q

Dreams occur due to neural impulses activated in the brainstem and synthesized by the frontal cortex

A

Activation synthesis hypothesis

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12
Q

Definition: Disorders associated with falling/staying asleep or sleep timing/quality

Occurs usually during: adulthood

Examples: Insomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy

A

Dyssomnias

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13
Q

Definition: Disorders associated with abnormal movements or behaviors during sleep

Occurs usually during: childhood

Examples: Somnambulism, night terrors

A

parasomnias

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14
Q

Persistent difficulty with sleep, either (1) falling asleep or (2) staying asleep
Treated with psychological training and lifestyle interventions or medications, but medications may lead to dependency

A

Insomnia

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15
Q

Chronic sleep disorder with excessive daytime sleepiness and involuntary sleep episodes

A

Narcolepsy

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16
Q

Disorder characterized by brief apnea (cessation of breathing) while sleeping
Less restful sleep, particularly low stage 3

A

Sleep apnea

17
Q

Occurs during stage 3
More common in children because larger proportion of stage 3 sleep compared to adults

A

Sleep walking (somnambulism)/sleep talking

18
Q

Awareness of self and environment, with ranging from alertness to sleep

A

consciousness

19
Q

Measure brain waves

A

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

20
Q

Mnemonic for order of sleep waves:

A

BATS-Drink Blood (beta, alpha, theta, sleep-spindle/K-complex, delta, beta)
Starting to fall asleep: beta then alpha waves
Stage 1/2: theta waves, with sleep spindles/K complexes in stage 2
Stage 3: delta waves
REM: beta/alpha waves

21
Q

Wave: Theta
Characteristics: Drowsiness
Associative findings: Hypnagogic hallucinations and hypnic jerks

A

Stage 1 (N1)

22
Q

Wave: Theta
Characteristics: Decrease in muscle tone, reduced heart rate, and lowered body temperature
Associative findings: Sleep spindles and K-complexes

A

Stage 2 (N2)

23
Q

Wave: Delta
Characteristics: Deep sleep with high arousal threshold
Associative findings: Declarative memory consolidation

A

Stage 3/4 (N3)

24
Q

Wave: Beta/Alpha, dyssynchronous

Characteristics: Muscle atonia, except for rapid eye movements, dreaming, decrease in body temperature, irregular and increased cardiopulmonary activity

Associative findings: Episodic memory consolidation

A

REM

25
Q
A

Brain wave: Beta
Frequency: 13-30 Hz
Associated state: Awake/concentration
Amplitude: Low

26
Q
A

Brain wave: Delta
Frequency: 0.5-3 Hz
Associated state: Deep sleep
Amplitude: Lowest

27
Q
A

Brain wave: Theta
Frequency: 4-7 Hz
Associated state: Drowsy
Amplitude: Highest

28
Q
A

Brain wave: Alpha
Frequency: 8-12 Hz
Associated state: Relaxed
Amplitude: High

29
Q
A

C. PsS MCAT (30 decks)

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