Sleep And Dreaming

Question 1

Williams et al - aim

Answer 1

To show that dreams are a product of different brain activity which occurs during sleep

Question 2

Williams et al - hypothesis

Answer 2

The bizarre content of dreams are different to the bizarre daydream fantasies due to the different brain activity

Question 3

Williams et al - method

Answer 3

Natural, self report

Question 4

Williams et al - IV AND DV

Answer 4

IV = Whether people reporting dreams or fantasies

DV = how bizarre they were

Question 5

Williams et al - sample

Answer 5

12 students USA

Question 6

Williams et al - process

Answer 6

Asked to keep a written journal to record dreams or fantasies

Question 7

Williams et al - finding

Answer 7

Using the journals,

• selected 60 dreams and 60 fantasies
  they were given a score of how bizarreness
  Scored for locus

Bizarreness density = number of bizarre items/ number of sentence units

Question 8

Williams et al - Juded

Answer 8

Judged by 3 people (inter reliable)

Didn’t know whether it was a dream or a fantasy

Question 9

Williams et al - finding / conclusion

Answer 9

Bizarreness for dreams were 3 x higher than fantasties

Con - the bizarreness of dreams correlated to brain activity during REM SLEEP

Question 10

Williams et al - criticism

Answer 10

Sample - too small. To generalise

Gender bias - 10/12 were female

Self report is unreliable- people forget, interpreted Wrong by researcher

Lacked construct validity as qualities data was turbines into quantitive

IV was difficult to control - were they in rem sleep or drowsy