Memory Flashcards
(36 cards)
How does the multi-store theory work
Data from our environment is in through our senses into the sensory store. This is temporary.
Then it’s moved to the short term memory is we pay attention. This is very briefly stored.
Info can be moved to the long term memory if it’s continually rehearsed
It has the capability to be stored forever . But has to be retrieved into the short term memory in order to be used.
What’s a chunk ?
An item or set of items related to its meaning ( info)
What is modality specific coding ?
Where data is stored in the same way it entered ( sensory store)
What is auditory coding ?
Where data is formatted acoustically ( sound )
What is semantic coding ?
Coding info in abstract ways to match its meaning
Multi store criticism
Over generalised - sees us as mass produced machines with memory built the same way.there is evidence to say out memory is a lot more individual
Not recognising the more than one long term memory- evidence shows those with brain damage loose certain types of long term memory only
The multi store model of memory research study (Wilson et al ) – aim
The aim was to record the neuro psychology assessments and experiences of an individual who suffer from severe and a rare case of both anterograde and retrograde amnesia
Wilson et al - me
It was longitudinal case study
Wilson et al - participants
One participant Clive wearing a British man who was born in 1938
Wilson et al - background of sample
Clive had been an outstanding musician but in 1985 he developed the influence of the type illness and was diagnosed with herpes simplex viral encephalitis which destroys parts of the brain
Clive was first referred to Wilson in 1985 and study on many occasions over the following 21 years
Wilson et al - what research involved?
The research involved detailed observations and in-depth interviews as well as taking brain scans intervals
Wilson et al - study finding
– Clive’s verbal and performance IQ score scores although in the average range had declined compared to his ability before the illness
– His short-term memory was normal but his long-term memory was severely affected
-Scan shared Clive’s brain was very different from normal in the following areas: hippocampal formations and temple poles
– Clive always scored zero on test of delay recall (long-term memory)
- His episodic memory (long-term memory for personal experiences) was severely affected and there was also some problems with his semantic memory (long-term memory for storing facts)
- He could not lay down new memories or a cool previous one showing suffered from both types of amnesia
- Many years cloud did not appear to accept as He had memory disorder as he was still able to talk read right and conduct and read music.
- He explained his memory problems in terms of the fact that he had not been conscious since he became ill
- The fact that Clive’s short-term memory functioned when his long-term memory didn’t support the multi models idea that memory stores are separate and distinct, Also lends to support that there are different types of long-term memory
Wilson et al - criticism
It is difficult to make generalisation about the effective brain damage from studying just one person
The case had been used to draw conclusions about normal human memory, however because Clive was an unusual case, it isn’t reliable
Some of the research relied on researchers interpretations of Clive behaviour. This means the findings were open to researcher bias
The study raises a number of concerns, including a lack of confidentiality as Clive’s names were mentioned and the tests did not benefit him directly and at some point during the investigation he seemed to be in distress
Because the research did not know Clive before his amnesia they had to rely on his family members counts. This makes the finding subjective.
What does the theory of reconstructive memory focus on?
The focus on the structure of memory
And is more about the process involved in remembering and forgetting
It makes a point that our week is really accurate because we don’t remember things exactly how they happen. The term reconstructive refers to the theory that we build a version of the event in our head in order to store them.
The theory of reconstructive memory what our schemes?
Schemes are important to memory we use them to build a picture of the world and it makes sense of new information, Experiences and create memories. However, we also miss remember things as we make them fit with our previous experiences.
Scheme is also driver expectations so he may go into a situation knowing what is going to happen rather than relying on direct experiences. This means that we may not pay attention to change in proceedings.
The definition of a schema is a mental framework for an object or situation that we have experienced
The theory of reconstructive memory what we schemas for?
We also use skiing as part of our process known as confabulation which is where we create fake memories, memory to fill the gaps to give more detailed accounts of an event. This is not a conscious process as example of us trying to make sense of something that happened but when the memory isnt complete.
The theory of reconstructive memory and how influences impact memory
Sometimes we don’t change our memory of events ourselves we are influenced by others such as because of what we have heard or seen elsewhere
People who are also vulnerable to leading questions this is where a question is phrased to influence people
What are the criticisms of the reconstructive memory theory?
Is not as red as it fails to give a simple and predictable explanation it takes a more holistic approach to explain memory
It is too abstract as it is difficult to test for schemas
It doesn’t really explain how wide processes such as confabulation happen
Braun et al - aim experiment
To see whether autobiographically focused adverts could affect how people remember childhood experiences
Braun et al - hypothesis experiment
That people would reconstruct their childhood memories to incorporate info used in the advert
Braun et al - method experiment one
Laboratory experiment
Braun et al - independent variable independent variable experiment one
Independent variable = whether people were shown in Disney advert or control advert
Dependent variable = it was measured using a questionnaire and it was how likely it was a participant had met and shook the hands of their favourite TV character at a theme resort
Braun et al – sample experiment one
107 undergrads from an American uni
Braun et al. – Process. Experiment One.
Pattersons prints were randomly assigned and advert which they watched
