Sleeping - Chapter 10 Content

Question 1

What are the 2 main stages of sleep?

Answer 1

1. Slow-wave state where a person sleeps deeply
2. Rapid Eye Movement (REM) state in which the brain appears awake and the person is experiencing dreams

Question 2

What are the stages of sleep that differ in the depth of sleep involved?

Answer 2

1. person transitions through wakefulness into drowsiness and then sleep
2. truly sleeping, but the sleep is light (easily aroused)
3. moderately deep sleep
4. very deep sleep (harder to waken, and may be disoriented)

Question 3

Define the two main categories of sleep-wake disroders.

Answer 3

Dyssomnias: problems in getting to sleep or obtaining sufficient quality sleep

Parasomnias: abnormal behaviours such as nightmares or sleepwalking that occur during sleep

Question 3

Define the two main categories of sleep-wake disroders.

Answer 3

Dyssomnias: problems in getting to sleep or obtaining sufficient quality sleep (insomnia, hypersomnolence, narcolepsy, breathing-related, circadian rythum)

Parasomnias: abnormal behaviours such as nightmares or sleepwalking that occur during sleep (nightmares, sleep tremours, sleep-walking)

Question 4

What is the PSG evaluation and how is this sued to asses sleep habits?

Answer 4

PSG is the polysomnographic evaluation in which a client in sleeping in the lab and being monitored for heart, muscle, respiration, brain wave and other functions. Using things such an EEG, EOG< ecg and EMG to measured all these things.

Question 5

Define microsleeps.

Answer 5

Short, second-long periods of sleep that occurs in people who have been deprived of sleep.

Question 6

Define insomnia disorder.

Answer 6

Condition in which insufficient sleep interferes with normal functioning.

Question 7

DSM criteria for insomnia disorder.

Answer 7

A. dissatisfication with sleep quality or quantity
B. clinically significant
C. at least 3 nights per week
D. for at least 3 months
E. occurs despite adequate opportunity to sleep

Question 8

What are the 3 specifiers of insomnia?

Answer 8

Episodic: at least 1 month of symptoms but less then 3 months
Persistent: 3 months or longer
Recurrent: two or more episodes within the space of 1 year

Question 9

Causes for insomnia.

Answer 9

Problems with physical inactivity, respiratory, pain and physical discomfort, biological clock, control of temperature, light exposure, drug use, environmental influences, stress

Question 10

Define rebound insomnia.

Answer 10

For a person with insomnia, sleep problems can worsen when medications are used to treat insomnia and then withdrawn.

Question 11

Define hypersomnolence disroder.

Answer 11

Sleep dysfunction involves an excessive amount of sleep that disrupts normal routines.

Question 12

DSM-5 criteria for hypersomnolence disorder.

Answer 12

A. self-reported excessive sleepiness despite a main sleep period of 7 hours
B. at least 3 times a week for 3 months

Specifiers: acute (less then 1 month), subacute (1-3months), persistent (more than 3 months)

Question 13

Define sleep apnae.

Answer 13

Disorder involving brief periods when breathing stops during sleep.

Question 14

Define narcolepsy.

Answer 14

A sleep disorder with a recurrent irrepressible, uncontrollable need to sleep during the day (fall asleep in awkward places). Need to occur at least for 3 times a week for over 3 months. Must have cataplexy, hypocretin deficiency or sudden onset of REM sleep. Often also report sleep paralysis (inability to move of speak at the beginning or end of sleep episodes) and hypnagogic/hypnopompic (right before sleeping/walking hallucinations)

Question 15

Define breathing-related sleep disorders.

Answer 15

Sleep disruption leads to excessive sleepiness or insomnia, caused by breathing problems such as interrupted (apnea) or laboured (hypoventilation) breathing.

Question 16

Define circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder

Answer 16

Sleep disturbances resulting in sleepiness or insomnia caused by the body’s inability to synchronize its sleep pattern with the current pattern of day and night. (shift work or jet leg)

Question 17

Treatments for sleep-wake disorders.

Answer 17

The most common type is using medications.
- benzodiazepines (short time drowsiness)
- prescribed stimulant
- breathing better during sleep (CPAP)
- bright light treatment
- cognitive relaxation (meds t help relax)
- graduated extinction (for children, parents check in on them)
- paradoxical intention (instructing opposite behaviour from desired outcome)
- progressive relaxation (relaxing muscles to induce drowsiness)
- CBT (sleep logs, psychoeducational, reduce certain behaviours to create better sleep drive)

Question 18

Define nightmares.

Answer 18

Frightening and anxiety-provoking dreams occurring during REM sleep. Individuals recall the bad dream dn recovers alertness and orientation quickly.

Question 19

Define sleep terrors.

Answer 19

Episodes of apparent awakening from sleep, by signs of panic, with disorientation and amnesia. Occurs during non-REM sleep so it doesn’t involve nightmares.

Question 20

Define sleep terrors.

Answer 20

Episodes of apparent awakening from sleep, by signs of panic, with disorientation and amnesia. Occurs during non-REM sleep so it doesn’t involve nightmares.

Question 21

Define sleepwalking.

Answer 21

Parasomnia that involves leaving the bed buring deep, nondreaming sleep.

Question 22

What is the 7 thought of reasons to why we dream?

Answer 22

1. to fulfil our subconscious wishes
2. to remember
3. to forget
4. to keep our brains working
5. to rehearse
6. to heal
7. to solve problems

Question 23

Define dreams.

Answer 23

Dreans can occur in either REM or non-REM sleep, but they will differ in emotional tone.

Question 24

What are some of the effect that sleep deprivation can cause mentally and physically?

Answer 24

Mentall: irritability, cognitive impairment, memory lose, hallucinations, symptoms similar to ADHD, risk for depression and mania

Physical: risk of diabetes, increases heart rate and disease, muscle tumours and aches, risk of obesity and decreased temperature

Question 25

What are some of the examples of the cognitive understanding someone with insomnia could have?

Answer 25

• distorted perception of sleep length/quality
• experience intrusive worries
• unrealistic expectations of sleep
• positive beliefs about worrying in bed
• more likely to monitor sleep quality
• attempt to conserve energy during the day

Question 26

Explain the topics mentioned from the video about treatment for insomnia.

Answer 26

1. that in order to create a drive for sleep, we need to keep active and busy in order to fall asleep at night
2. behaviours such as sleeping in and low activity during the day will interfere with a bad sleep drive

Question 27

Define cataplexy.

Answer 27

When your muscles weakness involuntary followed by intense emotion

Question 28

Define sleep apnea and its 2 types.

Answer 28

Slep apnea is when your air flow becomes restricted for a very short amount of time when sleeping.
1. obstructive: respiratory system functions fine but a blockage still occurs
2. central: respiratory system stops due to issue in neural pathway