sleeping p2

Question 1

neural replay

Answer 1

fast replays of waking life experiences found during slow wave sleep

Question 2

2 memory stores

Answer 2

one learns at a fast rate
the other at a slower rate - LTM
fast memories transferred to slow memories by associations made during sleep
hippocampus to cortex

Question 3

repeated reactivation

Answer 3

new memories will be related to older memories
the fast learning store is a internal trainer to the slow learning store to adapt new memories into LTM

Question 4

why does it happen in sleep

Answer 4

prevents interference with consolidation process
during sleep no encoding takes place

Question 5

system consolidation

Answer 5

redistribution of representations between different neural systems

Question 6

reactivating memories experimentally

Answer 6

using incidental cues, present at learning and again during sleep

Question 7

sleep deprivation

Answer 7

severe sleep deprivation hurts aspects of functioning, increases stress, increase cortisol hormones
linked to type 2 diabetes, heart disease and cancer
complex tasks are least effected
long morning tasks most effected

Question 8

activation synthesis hypothesis

Answer 8

• dreams are the brain’s attempt to make sense of random patterns of neutral
  activity generated during sleep
• explains physiological basis for bizarre dream imagery

Question 9

virtual reality problem solving

Answer 9

practise responses to threats from the environment

Question 10

reflecting on memory consolidation

Answer 10

dreams related to memory consolidation, possibly for emotional and social memory

Question 11

epiphenomenal view

Answer 11

dreams have no function and no adaptive effects

Question 12

Wamsley 2020

Answer 12

leaning experiences during NREM sleep is associated with improved performance on spatial memory task

Question 13

however

Answer 13

they may have dreamt to the task as they did badly on it to begin with

Question 14

brain activity

Answer 14

hot zone in the posterior part of the brain that changes the activity.
this zone can predict dreams or no dreams on awakening

Question 15

NEXTUP theory

Answer 15

in our dreams we explore recent experinces in waking life, this is a part of producing wonder connections as part os memory consolidation

Question 16

social bonding effects

Answer 16

when we wake from a dream, we then share the dream - empathy effect
there dreaming may be evolutionary

Question 17

human self domestication

Answer 17

people/genes are selected to be low in emotions reactivity, empathy and being pro social
once language deployed, sharing dreams helped to develop HSD

Question 18

insomnia

Answer 18

difficulty getting to/staying asleep for atleast 1 month
caused by stress, drugs, depression etc

Question 19

hypersomnia

Answer 19

excessive sleeping
caused by genetics or infection

Question 20

apnoea

Answer 20

stopping breathing during sleep
physical reasons or signals not sent to the brain

Question 21

narcolepsy

Answer 21

sudden extreme sleepiness
REM sleep
may be due to deficiencies or genetics

Question 22

nightmares

Answer 22

frightening and anxiety inducing dreams

Question 23

night terrors

Answer 23

sleeper awakens during an extreme state of panic
hallucinations may be present

Question 24

sleepwalking

Answer 24

sleeper rises during Non-REM and wanders around

Question 25

ultradian rhythms

Answer 25

biological rhythms less than 24 hours sleep cycle - 90 mins

Question 26

circadian rhythms

Answer 26

biological rhythms lasting 24 hours sleep wake cycle

Question 27

endogenous pacemakers

Answer 27

internal in the superchiasmatic nucleus located above hypothalamus lies above optic chiasm receives info from eyes and rhythm is set by the amount to light exerting the eye

Question 28

SCN

Answer 28

master clock

Question 29

melatonin

Answer 29

produced by pineal gland controls sleep wake cycle secrets during darkness - signals night time leads to drowsiness and a decrease in body temp

Question 30

cortisol

Answer 30

increases under stress, and near the end of each night increase may be related to memory consolidation

Question 31

exogenous Zeitgeber

Answer 31

external resets the biological clock bright light, exercise or temperature

Question 32

melatonin secretion under dim light

Answer 32

can be used to asses circadian pacemaker can determine if a individual is synchronised to the 24 hour light/dark cycle or free running states