learning

Question 1

orienting response

Answer 1

inborn tendency to notice and respond surprising events
immediate responses to changes in our environment

Question 2

superior colliculus

Answer 2

receives input from retina and directs the eye
involved in rapid eye movements

Question 3

habituation

Answer 3

responding to an event that has become familiar through repeated exposure

Question 4

sensitisation

Answer 4

increased responsiveness to an event that has been repeated
increased neuronal reposes in fear and cognitive circuitries

Question 5

PTSD

Answer 5

one of the symptoms has a greater reactivity to stimuli especially those related to the original trauma

Question 6

panic attacks

Answer 6

occur due to sensitivity about environmental or bodily stimuli

Question 7

classical conditioning

Answer 7

the signalling properties of events
predictive relations between 2 events

Question 8

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 8

a stimulus that automatically leads to a response poor to training

Question 9

unconditioned response

Answer 9

the response that is produced automatically, prior to training, on presentation of the US

Question 10

conditioned stimulus

Answer 10

neutral stimulus that is paired with the US during classical conditioning

Question 11

conditioned response

Answer 11

the acquired response produced by the conditioned stimulus in anticipation of the US

Question 12

acquiring the connections

Answer 12

CS should function as a signal that the US is about to occur
most effective when it comes before the US and the US follows closely after

Question 13

stimulus generalisation

Answer 13

responding to a new stimulus in a way that is similar to the response produced by an established CS

Question 14

stimulus discrimination

Answer 14

resounding differently to a new stimulus than one that responds to an established CS

Question 15

extinction

Answer 15

presenting a CS repeatedly, after conditioning, without the US results in a loss of response

systematic desensitisation

Question 16

lateral nuclei

Answer 16

receives sensory information, which arrives directly at the temporal lobe structures, including the hippocampus and primary auditory cortex
then processed by the basolateral complex and sent to the output, the central nucleus of the amygdala

Question 17

basolateral amygdala

Answer 17

with the nuclues accumbens mediate the pavlovian instrumental transfer in which a classical conditioning stimulus modifies operant behaviour

Question 18

emotions are a biological function

Answer 18

channeled through the amygdala which triggers a physiological response

Question 19

direct pathway

Answer 19

from sense organs to the sensory thalamus and from there to the amygdala

Question 20

thalamo-amygdala projection

Answer 20

direct pathways
quick, instinctive
emotional response

Question 21

corticoamygdala

Answer 21

indirect pathway
sensory cortical areas connected to the amygdala
provides context for processing emotional information

Question 22

structures currently thought to be the most important for emotional processing

Answer 22

limbic system
prefrontal cortex
anterior cingulate
insula

Question 23

amygdala

Answer 23

emotional response
hormonal secretion
memory
fear and emotional learning
directing attention

Question 24

cingulate gyrus

Answer 24

sensory input connecting emotions and regulations of aggressive behaviour

Question 25

fornix

Answer 25

a band of nerve fibres connects the hippocampus and hypothalamus

Question 26

hippocampus

Answer 26

memory processing contextual information is important in emotional regulation of adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion

Question 27

hypothalamus

Answer 27

quick processing of emotional information regulation of automatic phenomena endocrine reactions - fight or flight response

Question 28

retrosplenial cortex

Answer 28

part of the prosterior cingulate cortex evaluative function interactions between emotional and cognitive processes input info about emotional and motivational signified =e of ongoing stimuli and events

Question 29

orbitofrontal cortex

Answer 29

representations of rewards and punishments involved on the emotional and social behaviour

Question 30

dorsolaternal PFC

Answer 30

working memory of attentional control representation of goal directed behaviours

Question 31

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Answer 31

basic positive and negative affective statements

Question 32

R parietal lobes

Answer 32

understanding and comprehending emotion aspects of communication related to tone of voice

Question 33

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

Answer 33

inability to apprehend the motivational and emotional significance of stimuli

Question 34

bilateral amygdala damage

Answer 34

post cancer treatment

Question 35

instrumental learning

Answer 35

operant conditioning learning consequences of ones own voluntary actions law of effect - if a response is followed by a satisfying consequence the response is strengthened and vice versa

Question 36

reinforcement

Answer 36

consequences that increase the likelihood of responding in a particular way

Question 37

postive reinforcement

Answer 37

something given after a response increases that response

Question 38

negative reinforcement

Answer 38

something removed after a response increase in that response

Question 39

consequence

Answer 39

decreases the likelihood of responding in a particular way

Question 40

positive punishment

Answer 40

something given after a response decrease that response

Question 41

negative punishment

Answer 41

something is removed after a response decrease in that response

Question 42

ventral tegmental area

Answer 42

the dopamine factor

Question 43

nucleus accumbens

Answer 43

receives dopamine controls satiety and inhibition of inner desires

Question 44

alcohol, opioids and cannabis

Answer 44

inhibits action of GABA neurons leads to unregulated release of dopamine

Question 45

amphetamines and nicotine

Answer 45

activate the release of dopamine into the brain

Question 46

cocaine

Answer 46

blocks the processes which dopamine is removed from synapses this ensures a continued state of euphoria