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Slide 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of the resp system

A

1- Gas Exchange (respiration)
2- Regulation of acid-base balance
3- Filtering of air (mostly in upper respiratory system)
4- Warming and Humidifying of air
5- Sound Production

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2
Q

What do we define respiration as in Physiology

A

The movement of oxygen from the external environment into cells, and the removal of carbon dioxide from cells back into in external environment.

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3
Q

What is the four processes respiration consists of

A

1- Pulmonary ventilation (breathing
2- External Respiration
3- Transportation of respiratory gasses
4- Internal Respiration

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4
Q

The upper respiratory system has little relevance to the physiological process of respiration, other than?

A

Warming and moistening air and allowing for its passage into and out of the lungs

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5
Q

What is one called
Alveolus or Alveoli

A

Alveolus

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6
Q

What is two called
Alveolus or Alveoli

A

Alveoli

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7
Q

What is the three unique cell types in the Alveoli?

A

Type I Cells
Types II Cells
Alveolar Macrophages specific to the lungs

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8
Q

Type I Cells

A

Provide the structure and act as the area for gas exchange from alveoli to capillaries
• Cells is 15 x thinner than a piece of paper ( 0.1-0.2ųm)

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9
Q

Type II Cells

A

Secrete pulmonary surfactant into alveoli
• pulmonary surfactant reduces surface tension (the attraction forces of the water molecules to each other) in the alveoli, therefore preventing the alveoli from collapsing
• The main component responsible for this action is dipalmitoyl phosphatidylchlorine

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10
Q

Please tell me something about pulmonary surfactant and Soap

A

Pulmonary surfactant reduces the surface tension of liquids inside the alveoli. Detergents and soaps (as we know them) also reduce the surface tension of liquids and therefore act like surfactants, but pulmonary surfactant is not soap

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11
Q

Pleural fluid is what type of fluid and by what are they produced

A

Is a type or serous fluid (serum-like) fluid that is produced by the pleurae, the membranes that line the lungs and chest cavity

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12
Q

By what are pleural mostly produced and absorbed by

A

Is produces by the intercostal arteries and is continuously reabsorbed by the lymphatic system

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13
Q

When can fluid accumulation occur

A

If the reabsorption of pleural fluid is blocked or if there is an increase in fluid movement into the pleural space due to and infection (exudative) or change in pressure (transudative).

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14
Q

What can a buildup of fluid cause

A

Pleural effusion

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15
Q

What can pleural effusion cause

A

Can compress the lungs and result in shortness of breath (SOB), chest pain and other symptoms

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16
Q

Where is potential locations within pleura space that can fill excess fluid

A

1- Cardiac Notch
2- Lower margin of lung
3- Lower margin of pleura

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17
Q

4 Facts about pulmonary ventilation

A

1- The efficiency of gas exchange is dependent on ventilation
2- Cyclical breathing movements lead to air moving in and out the alveoli
3- Inspiration provides the alveoli with atmospheric air containing a high concentration of O2
4- Expiration removes some of the “stale” air containing a high concentration of of CO2

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18
Q

Process of inspiration

A

1- Inspiratory muscle contract ( diaphragm descends, rib cage rises)

2- Thoracic cavity volume increases

3- Lungs are stretched; intrapulmonary volume increases

4- Intrapulmonary pressure drops ( to -1mm Hg)

5- Air (gasses) flows into lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary preassure is 0 ( equil to atmospheric pressure)

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19
Q

Expiration Process

A

1- Inspiratory muscles relax (diagphragm rises; rib cage descends due to recoil of costal cartilages)

2- Thoracic cavity volume decreases

3- Elastic lungs recoil passively: intrapulmonary volume decreases

4- Intrapulmonary pressure rises (to +1 mm Hg)

5- Air (gases) flows out of lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0

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20
Q

Tidal Volume (VT)

A

Is the amount of air that is breathed in or out durning normal conditions of rest

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21
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

Is the extra volume of air that can be inspired over and above the normal tidal volume (VT)

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22
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

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A

Is the extra volume of air that can be expired by forceful expiration over and above the normal tidal volume (VT)

23
Q

Residual Volume (RV)

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A

Is the volume of air which remains in the lungs following maximal expiration

24
Q

In what to we measure air in the lungs?

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A

Milliliters (ml)

25
What do we call the diagram on which we show the air capacities of lungs
Spirographic record
26
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
Is the volume of air that is present in the lungs following maximal inspiration. It is the sum of IRV, VT and RV
27
Vital Capacity (VC)
Is the maximal volume of air which can be breathed in. It is the sum of ERV, VT and IRV. The vital capacity might be restricted when normal expansion of the chest or the lungs is restricted (as in restrictive lung diseases) This can be the result of the following: • an increase in the tightness of the lungs, for example, as a result of lung fibrosis • Chest compression such as, for example, tight bandages, obesity and kyphoscoliosis ( convex scoliosis of the vertebral column or hunchback) • Lung compression during pleural effusion
28
Inspiration Capacity (IC)
Is the volume of air which can be breathed in maximally following an unhurried expiration. This is the sum of VT and IRV
29
Functional residual Capacity (FRC)
Is the volume of air which remains in the lungs after an unhurried normal expiration. It equals the sum of ERV and RV.
30
Anatomical Dead Space
Air in the conducting airways (nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchi etc) No alveoli so no gas exchange 150 ml in typical adult
31
Alveolar dead space
Air that reaches the alveoli but doesn’t undergo gas exchange because: Blood flow ( perfusion) is inadequate Seen in conditions like pulmonary embolism
32
Please fill in the formular for physiology dead space
Physiological dead space = Anatomical dead space + Alveolar dead space
33
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (OPD)
Disease that cause decreased airflow through the air conducting structures eg asthma, chronic pulmonary disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) like emphysema • in obstructive disease, there may be an increase in TLC, FRC and RV because lungs hyperinflate
34
Restrictive Pulmonary Disease (RPD):
Diseases that cause a loss of elasticity of the lung tissue or decreased ability to expand the chest wall, eg pulmonary fibrosis, morbid obesity, scoliosis ets • in restrictive disease, there is a decrease in VC, TLC, FRC and RV because lung expansion is restricted.
35
What are the 2 sets of blood vessels to the lungs
1- Pulmonary circulation • low pressure, high volume • the circulation responsible for gas exchange between blood and air 2- Bronchial Circulation • high pressure, low volume • the circulation providing oxygen, nutrients and CO2 removal to the lung tissue
36
On what does partial pressure of a gas depends on
Concentration and temperature in the mixture.
37
What is daltons preassure
The total pressure of a mixture of ideal gasses is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the component gases
38
Gasses and their percentages and partial pressure
N2 - 76% - 577.6 mm Hg O2 - 20% - 152.0 mm Hg H2O (assuming 60% humidity) - 3% - 22.8 mm Hg Argon and other trace gases - 1% - 7.6 mm Hg CO2 - 0.04% - 0.3 mm Hg Total 100% 760.3 mm Hg
39
What is the two ways O2 is carried in the blood
Bound to the haem part of haemoglobin on the erythrocytes ( red blood cells) Dissolved in the plasma as a gas When all Haemoglobin is saturated, oxygen makes up 20.1 ml O2/100ml blood or 20% by blood volume
40
What is the three ways Carbon Dioxide is carried in the blood
Dissolved in plasma Bound to the globin of Haemoglobin (not the Haem like O2) As bicarbonate ions in plasma (HCO 3-)
41
Carbon dioxide is slightly acidic so what does it do?
Buffer acid based relationship in body
42
Of what is Haemoglobin compsed
Of four polypeptide chains (chains of multiple proteins) - also called a tetrameric protein
43
What ion does each of the haem chains contain
Iron (Fe) surrounded by a globin chain
44
To what does Fe bind in haem
O2
45
What part does the globin bind to
CO2
46
As what is haemoglobin (Hb) measured as part of
Full blood count (FBC)
47
Hb for adult male
14-18g/100ml blood
48
Hb as adult female
12-16g/100ml blood
49
About how many Haemoglobin is in one RBC
250 million Hb
50
So how many O2 molecules does 1 erythrocytes transport
1 billion ( 250 million x 4 = 1 billion)
51
Conformational Change: Haemoglobin can hold 4 Oxygen Mooecules
1 - once the first O2 molecules bind to one Hb, there is a conformational shape change in the 3-dimensional structure which causes Hb to bind more efficiently to the next O2 and the next ( improved affinity) 2 - Each additional binding of O2 to haemoglobin increases the binding affinity of Hb and O2 3 - The reverse also true of releasing the O2 molecules 4 - Loading all 4 O2 leads to a fully saturated Hb 5 - Partial loading leads to partial saturated Hb
52
What is Haemoglobin called without O2 and what colour is the blood
Deoxyhaemoglobin (HHb) and it is a dark red-purple colour with a specific configuration (shape)
53
What is Haemoglobin that is attached to O2 and what colour is the blood
Oxyhaemoglobin (HbO2) and it appears bright red if there is alot of HbO2

Respiratory Physiology (2 decks)

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