Slide 1-45

Question 1

Technically what is a drug?

Answer 1

Any substance that produces a change in function

Question 2

Commonly what is a drug?

Answer 2

Any medication that is used for diagnosing, curing, or treating disease

Question 3

The study of the adverse effects of chemical, physical, or biological agents on living organisms and the ecosystem.

Answer 3

Toxicology

Question 4

The study of the science of drugs including their uses, effects, and modes of action?

Answer 4

Pharmacology

Question 5

Intended physiological effect of the drug

Answer 5

Therapeutic effect

Question 6

Medical conditions or diseases for which the drug is meant to be used.

Answer 6

Indication

Question 7

Conditions for which the drug should NOT be used

Answer 7

Contraindication

Question 8

Conditions or types of patients that warrant CLOSER observation for specific side effects

Answer 8

Caution

Question 9

Unintended effects other than therapeutic effect.

Answer 9

Side Effect

Question 10

A side effect that is negative.

Answer 10

Adverse Effect

Question 11

Adverse effect of a drug resulting in drug poisoning, can be life-threatening.

Answer 11

Toxic Effect/Toxicity

Question 12

Drugs, sups, or foods that may alter the effect of the drug, and usually shouldnt be given during the same course of therapy.

Answer 12

Interaction

Question 13

location within the body where the drug exerts its therapeutic effect is known as the what?

Answer 13

Site of Action

Question 14

HOW a drug produces its effects is known as?

Answer 14

Mechanism of Action

Question 15

Action usually begins after drug attaches itself to some chemical structure, usually specific location.

Answer 15

Receptor site

Question 16

Drugs that bind to a specific receptor and produce an action. Ex) Morphine

Answer 16

Agonists

Question 17

Drugs that bind to specific receptors, PROHIBITING an effect. Ex. Beta-blockers

Answer 17

Antagonists

Question 18

When both agonist and antagonist drugs bind to the same receptor and are administered together.

Answer 18

Competitive Antagonism

Question 19

True or false? Most chemicals do not have antidotes (antagonists) for reversing toxicity.

Answer 19

True

Question 20

What is the strength of a drug action determined by?

Answer 20

Dose and Frequency

Question 21

Maximal response (100%) is eventually reached, known as the what?

Answer 21

Ceiling Effect

Question 22

Dose necessary to produce half of the maximum response. Used to compare POTENCY of drugs.

Answer 22

Effective Dose 50 (ED50)

Question 23

Initial high dose used to quickly evaluate blood levels of the drug.

Answer 23

Loading Dose

Question 24

Dose that is customarily given to produce a desired effect.

Answer 24

Therapeutic Dose

Question 25

Smallest amount of a drug that will produce a therapeutic effect.

Answer 25

Minimum Dose

Question 26

Largest amount of a drug that will produce a desired effected WITHOUT producing symptoms of toxicity.

Answer 26

Maximum Dose

Question 27

Dose required to keep the drug blood levels steady in order to maintain the desired effect.

Answer 27

Maintenance Dose

Question 28

Amount of a drug that will produce harmful side effects or symptoms of poisoning.

Answer 28

Toxic Dose

Question 29

Which law was the first attempt to protect consumers. Must label container if drug contains dangerous ingredients. Established two references of officially approved drugs. USP and NF

Answer 29

1906 Pure Food and Drug Act

Question 30

Authorized FDA to demand evidence of safety for new drugs, issue standards for food, and conduct factory inspections.

Answer 30

1938 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C)

Question 31

Defined drugs that could only be purchased with PRESCRIPTION.

Answer 31

1951 FD&C Durham-Humphrey Amendment

Question 32

Approval of new food additives was required and safety determined by manufacturer.

Answer 32

1958 FD&C Food Additives Amendment

Question 33

Required drug manufacturers to use standard labeling, listing adverse reactions and contraindications. Also required drug companies to prove their drugs' safety and effectiveness.

Answer 33

1962 FD&C Kefauver-Harris Amendment

Question 34

Commonly referred to as Controlled Substances Act. Designed to regulate the dispensing of drugs that have the potential for abuse (controlled substances)

Answer 34

1970 Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevent and Control Act

Question 35

FDA is responsible for taking action against any unsafe dietary supplement.

Answer 35

1994 Dietary Supplements Health and Education Act

Question 36

Reinvestigated pesticide tolerance levels.

Answer 36

1996 Food Quality Protection Act

Question 37

What administration is for Controlled substances only, enforces laws against drug activity, and changes schedules of abused drugs?

Answer 37

DEA

Question 38

What administration is food distribution and school lunch programs?

Answer 38

USDA

Question 39

What administration is agricultural and industrial chemicals, water

Answer 39

EPA

Question 40

Recalls unsafe consumer products

Answer 40

CPSC (consumer products safety commission)

Question 41

Workplace chemical exposure is dealt with by this administration.

Answer 41

OSHA

Question 42

FDA approval for use in humans, every drug must fulfill what 2 requirements?

Answer 42

Efficacy and Safety

Question 43

Dose that will kill 50% of animals tested.

Answer 43

Lethal Dose 50 (LD50)

Question 44

Therapeutic Index (TI)= TI= LD50/ED50

Answer 44

Used to establish dosage levels in animal trials

Question 45

Highest dose without any adverse effect.

Answer 45

No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL)

Question 46

Lowest dose found by experiment or observation at which there was a Statistically significant observed adverse effect.

Answer 46

Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL)

Question 47

Most Adverse Effects are DOSE-DEPENDENT true or false?

Answer 47

True

Question 48

Which drugs discussed in class have showed teratogenic risk in humans?

Answer 48

Carbamazepine (Tegretol), Diethylstillbestrol (Synthetic Estrogen), Phenytoin (Dilantin), Warfarin (Coumadin)

Question 49

Non-Dose Dependent Adverse effects can have four outcomes which are Idiosyncrasy, Paradoxical, Tolerance, and Dependance.

Answer 49

Know examples of each.

Question 50

Toxic Responses to foreign compounds are categorized how?

Answer 50

According to the manifestation of the toxic effect

Question 51

What are the 6 types of toxic responses?

Answer 51

1) Direct Toxic Action: Tissue Lesions 2) Pharmacological, Physiological, and Biochemical Effects 3) Teratogenesis 4) Immunotoxicity 5) Mutagenesis 6) Carcinogenesis