Slide 46-105

Question 1

What are the most susceptible organs to direct toxicity?

Answer 1

Liver Kidneys Lungs

Question 2

What bloodwork is done in detection of Liver Damage?

Answer 2

AST: Aspartate Transaminase
ALT: Alanine Transaminase
Bilirubin
Albumin (DECREASE if damaged)

Question 3

High likelihood of damage due to functionality. Receives 25% of the cardiac output.

Answer 3

Kidney

Question 4

What bloodwork is done in detection of Kidney Damage?

Answer 4

BUN: Blood Urea Nitrogen

Creatinine

Question 5

What are the five types of Lung damage?

Answer 5

Irritation, Allergic Response, Cell Damage, Fibrosis, Pulmonary Cancer

Question 6

What decreases if a Lung is damaged?

Answer 6

FEV Forced Expiratory Vital Capacity

Question 7

When is teratogenesis most susceptible to gross anatomical abnormalities?

Answer 7

During Organogenesis (18-55 days)

Question 8

Drug interacts directly with DNA, DNA damage, Base substitutions, additions or deletions.

Answer 8

Mutagenesis

Question 9

Chromosomal damage

Answer 9

Clastogenesis

Question 10

Acquisition or loss of complete chromosomes

Answer 10

Aneugenesis

Question 11

What are the 3 phases of drug activity?

Answer 11

Pharmaceutic, Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacodynamic

Question 12

Occurs after the drug is given and involves disintegration and dissolution of the dosage form. Affected by the form of the drug and the route of administration.

Answer 12

Pharmaceutic Phase

Question 13

What happens to the drug as it moves through the body.

Answer 13

Pharmacokinetic phase

Question 14

What does ADME stand for in the Pharmacokinetic phase?

Answer 14

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion

Question 15

What factors impact Absorption?

Answer 15

Drug Ionization, Lipid Solubility, Presence or Absence in the Stomach, Drug Formulation, Circulation/Route of Administration

Question 16

What is the order of fastest to slowest absorption of drug types?

Answer 16

Lipid soluble non ionized liquids, Water soluble ionized liquids, Suspension solutions, Powders, Capsules, Tablets, Coated Tablets, Enteric Coated Tablets

Question 17

What are the major sites of absorption?

Answer 17

GI tract, Lungs, Skin

Question 18

What are the Parenteral sites of Absorption?

Answer 18

Intravenous, Intramuscular, Subcutaneous, Intraperitoneal

Question 19

What is the major route of absorption and mostly PASSIVE diffusion?

Answer 19

GI tract

Question 20

What have a Large surface area and ample blood supply and absorption occurs by passive diffusion here.

Answer 20

Lungs

Question 21

The epidermis is packed with what?

Answer 21

Keratin

Question 22

The % of a dose that reaches the bloodstream is referred to as the _____ of the drug. Typically _____ of oral medications reach blood.

Answer 22

BIOAVAILABILITY; 20-40%

Question 23

How much Drug reaches Organs/Area of the body depends on what four things?

Answer 23

Plasma protein binding, Blood Flow, Presence of specific Tissue Barriers, Selective Distribution

Question 24

Only UNBOUND (Free) drug molecules can exert a pharmacological effect!!!!

Answer 24

True

Question 25

What have the largest blood supply?

Answer 25

Liver, Kidneys, and Brain

Question 26

What are the two tissue barriers?

Answer 26

Blood Brain Barrier and Placental Barrier

Question 27

An affinity or attraction of a drug to a specific organ or cells is called what?

Answer 27

Selective Distribution

Question 28

Time required for blood/plasma concentration of the drug to fall to 50% of the original level.

Answer 28

Half-Life

Question 29

Why do we metabolize/Detoxification/Biotransformation?

Answer 29

Make more polar for urinary excretion, decrease half-life, prevent accumulation, Change bioactivity

Question 30

What do we need for metabolism?

Answer 30

Enzymes: Cytochrome P450 (The drug microsomal metabolizing system DMMS)

Question 31

What are enzymes?

Answer 31

small proteins that speed up a reaction

Question 32

Where are these enzymes found?

Answer 32

Mostly in liver. some in kidneys small intestines and most cells

Question 33

The point of metabolism is what?

Answer 33

To transform drugs from lipid-soluble into water-soluble.

Question 34

Are water soluble or lipid soluble EXCRETED by the kidney?

Answer 34

Water Soluble

Question 35

Are water soluble or lipid soluble repeatedly REABSORBED into the blood?

Answer 35

Lipid Soluble

Question 36

Enzyme Induction and Enzyme Inhibition are common causes of adverse drug interactions.

Answer 36

True

Question 37

After oral administration, All drugs are absorbed into the PORTAL CIRCULATION. Some drugs are metabolized significantly as they pass through the liver the first time which can significantly reduce BIOAVAILABILITY and amount of active drug that reaches the general circulation.

Answer 37

First Pass Metabolism

Question 38

What are the major excretion ways?

Answer 38

Urine, Bile, Lungs, GI tract, Breast Milk

Question 39

What are the minor excretion ways?

Answer 39

Sweat, Tears, Saliva, Semen

Question 40

Filtration from blood through pores in Glomerulus are what kind of compounds?

Answer 40

Nonprotein-bound water-soluble compounds.

Question 41

Diffusion from blood to tubules are for what compounds?

Answer 41

Ionized fat-soluble and water-soluble compounds. Proportional to concentration in blood.

Question 42

Active transport into TUBULAR fluid is easily saturated and can lead to toxicity

Answer 42

True

Question 43

Blood-> Liver-> Bile-> Intestines

Answer 43

Enterohepatic Circulation

Question 44

What part is passive diffusion of VOLATILE metabolites from blood? What about passive diffusion of WEAK BASES into intestinal lumen? What about passive diffusion of FAT SOLUBLE compounds?

Answer 44

Lungs; GI tract; Breast Milk