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Mam phys > Slide set 1 > Flashcards

Slide set 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Name level of organization within the body

A
  • Molecules
  • Cells
  • Tissues
  • Organs
  • Organ systems
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2
Q

What makes a cell specialized?

A

Control of gene expression and unique cell-specific transcriptomes and proteomes

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3
Q

What are 4 factors essential for cell differentiation?

A
  • Cell-cell communication
  • Growth factors
  • ECM (extracellular matrix) composition
  • Cell location in differentiating embryo
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4
Q

Where are the trophoblast cells? in what type of cell assembly?

A

Trophoblast are found in the outside (le contour) of blastocysts

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5
Q

What is gastrulation in cell differentiation?

A

Gives rise to primary germ layers endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

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6
Q

What are the 3 major germ layors that form during gastrulation?

A

Mesoderm,
Ectoderm,
Endoderm

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7
Q

What cell and tissue type is arising from mesoderm?

A

Circulatory system, excretory system , muscles, connective tissue, organs

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8
Q

What cell and tissue type arises from Ectoderm?

A

Skin, lens of the eye, nervous system

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9
Q

What cell and tissue type arises from Endoderm?

A

Lining of digestive and respiratory tracts, parts of liver, pancreas, thyroid and bladder

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10
Q

What are the 4 major tissues?

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

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11
Q

What are characteristics of epithelial tissue?

A

One or more layers of densely arranged cells with very little ECM

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12
Q

What are the functions of the epithelium?

A
  1. Covers and protect the body surface (sheets)
  2. Lines body cavities
  3. Movement of substances, glandular activity (secretory)
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13
Q

Where do you find epithelial tissue?

A

Skin, lining of respiratory tract, digestive tract, urinary, glands of the body

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14
Q

What are the characteristics pf Connective tissue?

A

few cells surrounded by lots of ECM

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15
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue?

A
  • Connect
  • Anchors
  • Supports body structures -
  • Transport
  • Provides structural and metabolic support.
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16
Q

Where do you find connective tissue?

A

Bone, tendons, blood, fat

17
Q

What is connective tissue made of? What makes it?

A

Made up of fibres in a protein and polysaccharide matrix, secreted and organized by cells in the ECM

  • Variations in composition determines property of connective tissue (ex: calcium presence=> bone or teeth)
18
Q

What are the main connective tissue cells that secrete ECM? What do they secrete and where?

A

Except for blood cells, all connective tissue cells (fibroblasts) secrete ECM molecules such as collagen to give support and form to structures

19
Q

What are 2 types of specialized ECM forms?

A
  • Tendons

- Cartilage

20
Q

What are 2 types of connective tissue? What does it depend on?

A
  • Loose or dense

- Depends on the arrangement of the fibres

21
Q

What are the cells sitting in the ECM made of?

A

Glycoprots,
Fibrous prots
Glycosoaminoglycans

22
Q

Name 1.characteristics of muscle tissue, 2.its function and 3.where it is found.

A
  1. made of long fiberlike cells
  2. Function: can contract and generate force
  3. Found in heart, skeletal muscle, surrounding hollow organs such as bladder and uterus
23
Q

What type of muscle doesn’t have striations?

A

Smooth muscle (it contracts easily… ex: around uterus and stomach)

24
Q

What are characteristics of Nervous tissue cells?

A

Cells are specialized for conducting nerve impulses, there are many types of nervous tissue

25
Q

What are functions of nervous tissue?

A

Initiale and transmit electrical impulse

26
Q

Where are nervous tissue found?

A

Brain, spinal cord, nerves

27
Q

What are characteristics of organ level?

A

An organ is made up of different kinds of tissues to perform a special function

Each organ has a unique size, shape, appearance and placement in the body

28
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

constant state maintained by the body => when internal environment around body cells remains constant

The body adjusts variables to maintain a “set point” in an acceptable or normal range

29
Q

Name exemples of homeostasis

A
  • Temperature regulation
  • Regulation of blood carbon dioxide
  • Regulation of blood glucose level
    (if you have low blood glucose, body will make adjustment to slow glucose uptake and keep more in the bloodstream. More glucose is also released by the liver)
30
Q

What are the basic components of homeostatic mechanisms? What do they do?

A

SENSOR=> detects and reacts to any changes from normal set point

INTEGRATING, or CONTROL CENTER=> information is analyzed and if needed, a specific action is initiated

EFFECTOR MECHANISM=> Brings about the change to return to the set point

FEEDBACK=> process of information about variable constantly flowing back from the sensor to the integrator

31
Q

What are characteristics of negative feedback control systems? Name and explain (with all basic components) an exemple

A
  • Are inhibitory
  • Act to reset physiological variables (stop the change… go back to normal)
  • Are responsible for maintaining homeostasis i.e. stabilize system
  • Are much more common than positive feedback control systems

EXEMPLE: Temperature regulation=> shivering

32
Q

What are characteristics of positive feedback systems? name and explain (with all basic components) an exemple

A
  • Are stimulatory
  • Amplify or reinforce the
    change that is occurring
  • Tend to produce destabilizing effects and disrupt homeostasis
  • Bring specific body functions to swift completion

EXEMPLE: when giving birth ,

33
Q

What are 3 levels of control of homeostatic mechanisms?

A

INTRACELLULAR control

 - Operates within the cells
 - Genes or enzymes often regulate cell processes

INTRINSIC control

 - Regulation within TISSUES or ORANS 
 - May involve chemical signals (ex: growth factors in ovary...)

EXTRINSIC CONTROL

 - Regulation from organ to organ 
- May involve NERVE SIGNALS
- May involve ENDOCRINE signals (HORMONES)

Mam phys (11 decks)

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