Slide set 1

Question 1

Name level of organization within the body

Answer 1

• Molecules
• Cells
• Tissues
• Organs
• Organ systems

Question 2

What makes a cell specialized?

Answer 2

Control of gene expression and unique cell-specific transcriptomes and proteomes

Question 3

What are 4 factors essential for cell differentiation?

Answer 3

• Cell-cell communication
• Growth factors
• ECM (extracellular matrix) composition
• Cell location in differentiating embryo

Question 4

Where are the trophoblast cells? in what type of cell assembly?

Answer 4

Trophoblast are found in the outside (le contour) of blastocysts

Question 5

What is gastrulation in cell differentiation?

Answer 5

Gives rise to primary germ layers endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

Question 6

What are the 3 major germ layors that form during gastrulation?

Answer 6

Mesoderm,
Ectoderm,
Endoderm

Question 7

What cell and tissue type is arising from mesoderm?

Answer 7

Circulatory system, excretory system , muscles, connective tissue, organs

Question 8

What cell and tissue type arises from Ectoderm?

Answer 8

Skin, lens of the eye, nervous system

Question 9

What cell and tissue type arises from Endoderm?

Answer 9

Lining of digestive and respiratory tracts, parts of liver, pancreas, thyroid and bladder

Question 10

What are the 4 major tissues?

Answer 10

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

Question 11

What are characteristics of epithelial tissue?

Answer 11

One or more layers of densely arranged cells with very little ECM

Question 12

What are the functions of the epithelium?

Answer 12

1. Covers and protect the body surface (sheets)
2. Lines body cavities
3. Movement of substances, glandular activity (secretory)

Question 13

Where do you find epithelial tissue?

Answer 13

Skin, lining of respiratory tract, digestive tract, urinary, glands of the body

Question 14

What are the characteristics pf Connective tissue?

Answer 14

few cells surrounded by lots of ECM

Question 15

What are the functions of connective tissue?

Answer 15

• Connect
• Anchors
• Supports body structures -
• Transport
• Provides structural and metabolic support.

Question 16

Where do you find connective tissue?

Answer 16

Bone, tendons, blood, fat

Question 17

What is connective tissue made of? What makes it?

Answer 17

Made up of fibres in a protein and polysaccharide matrix, secreted and organized by cells in the ECM

• Variations in composition determines property of connective tissue (ex: calcium presence=> bone or teeth)

Question 18

What are the main connective tissue cells that secrete ECM? What do they secrete and where?

Answer 18

Except for blood cells, all connective tissue cells (fibroblasts) secrete ECM molecules such as collagen to give support and form to structures

Question 19

What are 2 types of specialized ECM forms?

Answer 19

• Tendons

- Cartilage

Question 20

What are 2 types of connective tissue? What does it depend on?

Answer 20

• Loose or dense

- Depends on the arrangement of the fibres

Question 21

What are the cells sitting in the ECM made of?

Answer 21

Glycoprots,
Fibrous prots
Glycosoaminoglycans

Question 22

Name 1.characteristics of muscle tissue, 2.its function and 3.where it is found.

Answer 22

1. made of long fiberlike cells
2. Function: can contract and generate force
3. Found in heart, skeletal muscle, surrounding hollow organs such as bladder and uterus

Question 23

What type of muscle doesn’t have striations?

Answer 23

Smooth muscle (it contracts easily… ex: around uterus and stomach)

Question 24

What are characteristics of Nervous tissue cells?

Answer 24

Cells are specialized for conducting nerve impulses, there are many types of nervous tissue

Question 25

What are functions of nervous tissue?

Answer 25

Initiale and transmit electrical impulse

Question 26

Where are nervous tissue found?

Answer 26

Brain, spinal cord, nerves

Question 27

What are characteristics of organ level?

Answer 27

An organ is made up of different kinds of tissues to perform a special function Each organ has a unique size, shape, appearance and placement in the body

Question 28

What is homeostasis?

Answer 28

constant state maintained by the body => when internal environment around body cells remains constant The body adjusts variables to maintain a "set point" in an acceptable or normal range

Question 29

Name exemples of homeostasis

Answer 29

- Temperature regulation - Regulation of blood carbon dioxide - Regulation of blood glucose level (if you have low blood glucose, body will make adjustment to slow glucose uptake and keep more in the bloodstream. More glucose is also released by the liver)

Question 30

What are the basic components of homeostatic mechanisms? What do they do?

Answer 30

SENSOR=> detects and reacts to any changes from normal set point INTEGRATING, or CONTROL CENTER=> information is analyzed and if needed, a specific action is initiated EFFECTOR MECHANISM=> Brings about the change to return to the set point FEEDBACK=> process of information about variable constantly flowing back from the sensor to the integrator

Question 31

What are characteristics of negative feedback control systems? Name and explain (with all basic components) an exemple

Answer 31

- Are inhibitory - Act to reset physiological variables (stop the change... go back to normal) - Are responsible for maintaining homeostasis i.e. stabilize system - Are much more common than positive feedback control systems EXEMPLE: Temperature regulation=> shivering

Question 32

What are characteristics of positive feedback systems? name and explain (with all basic components) an exemple

Answer 32

- Are stimulatory - Amplify or reinforce the change that is occurring - Tend to produce destabilizing effects and disrupt homeostasis - Bring specific body functions to swift completion EXEMPLE: when giving birth ,

Question 33

What are 3 levels of control of homeostatic mechanisms?

Answer 33

INTRACELLULAR control - Operates within the cells - Genes or enzymes often regulate cell processes INTRINSIC control - Regulation within TISSUES or ORANS - May involve chemical signals (ex: growth factors in ovary...) EXTRINSIC CONTROL - Regulation from organ to organ - May involve NERVE SIGNALS - May involve ENDOCRINE signals (HORMONES)