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Mam phys > Slide set 2 > Flashcards

Slide set 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is molecular genetics?

A

the study of how genes are turned on and off and how they affect phenotype

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2
Q

What is transcription?

A

DNA sequence is enzymatically copied by an RNA polymerase to produce mRNA

(RNA polymerase makes RNA!)

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3
Q

By what protein is DNA unbound?

A

DNA helicase

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4
Q

What RNA nucleotide is different from DNA nucleotide?

A

Uracil rather than thymine

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5
Q

What are transcription factors?

A

Proteins which assist the RNA polymerase in recognizing promoters thus activating the gene

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6
Q

What are the 2 types of transcription factors? Why are they called like that?

A

GENE SPECIFIC transcription factors => if they can activate specific genes
- like estrogen receptor=> estrogen target gene specific

GENERAL transcription factors => if tf that are required to activate all genes

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7
Q

What is the action of general transcription factors?

A

Bind to DNA regions within promoters and deliver the RNA polymerase to their respective promoter sites

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8
Q

What is CREM transcriptional activation good for? (what does it stand for…)

A

CREM: Camp responsive element modulator (transcription factor)

CREM binds to Camp responsive element area on mRNA . This is NECESSARY FOR TRANSCRIPTION

The CREM dependant transcription is regulated by KIF17b in nucleus, which binds to ACT (activator of CREM in testis) This is also necessary for CREM t

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9
Q

What is alternative splicing? what is it good for?

A
  • Method of processing mRNA

- Occurs when enzymes clip out segments of the middel or off ends ot he mRNA trand

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10
Q

When alternative splicing occurs, what part is expressed?

A

Introns get chopped off, exons are expressed!

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of mRNA ?

A
  • Messenger RNA
  • Ribosomal RNA
  • Transfer RNA
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12
Q

Where is mRNA processed after its made? What is done to it? Where does it go after?

A

Processed in the NUCLEUS!

  • Editing of mRNA
  • Removal of introns, addition of ply A tail and guanine cap.
  • It then enters cytosol where it works with rRNA and tRNA to direct TRANSLATION
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13
Q

What happens to mRNA after being transported into the cytoplasm?

A

In the cytoplasm, mRNA associates with ribosome

  • tRNA molecules transfer specific a.a. to the mRNA which is read in triplicate at the ribosome
  • As a.a. are brought into place, peptide bonds join them - eventually producing an entire polypeptide chain
  • tRNA is gonna come along with complementary codes and specific corresponding a.a.
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14
Q

What is the structure and role of rRNA ?

A

Ribosomal RNA has a LARGE and SMALL subunit

  • Interacts with tRNA during translation
  • mRNA can be found between the 2 subunits
  • rRNA contains and enzyme that catalyzes the peptide bond between the new a.a. that are being formed
  • So tRNA comes in, brings a.a. and than rRNA responsible to attach them together to create a new prot
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15
Q

What is a proteome?

A
  • All the proteins synthesized by a cell- cell’s proteome- or by the whole body - human proteome
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16
Q

Where does a lot of the processing happen after proteins has been synthesized?

A

A lot happens in the Golgi, but also in ER and cytosol

17
Q

True or false

The proteome is the same for every cell, as the genome is the same

A

False

Proteome is different for every cell, but the genome is the same

18
Q

What are post-translational modifications? give exemples

A

Chemical modifications of a protein after its translation

Addition of:

  • Sugars
  • Lipids
  • CH3
  • Phosphate
19
Q

What are the 5 steps for making a prot?

A
  1. Gene activation
  2. Transcription
  3. mRNA processing
  4. Translation
  5. Post-translation modifications
20
Q

True or false

Homeostasis means equilibrium

A

False

21
Q

What are the 3 body fluid compartments?

A
  • Plasma (25% of ECF)
  • Interstitial fluid (75% of ECF)
  • Intracellular fluid
22
Q

True or false

Water is able to move freely across membrane, but ions can’t

A

True

23
Q

What is tonicity ?

A

how a solution would affect cell volume if the cell were placed in solution=> describes volume change of a cell

24
Q

What ions are more found outside vs inside the cell?

A

Outside: Na+, Cl-, HCO3-

Inside: K+

25
Q

True or false

The bigger the molecule the slower the diffusion

A

True

26
Q

What are the 4 functions of membrane proteins? What are their roles/actions?

A

STRUCTURAL PROTS

  • Connect membrane to cytoskeleton (integrity)
  • Create cell junctions
  • Attach cells to ECM

ENZYMES
- Catalyzes chemical reactions

MEMBRANE PROTEINS
- Part of body’s chemical signaling system

TRANSPORTERS (essential in maintaining osmolarity of many ions )

  • Channel proteins
  • Carrier proteins
27
Q

What are the 2 properties of molecules that influence its movement across cell membranes?

A
  • Size

- Lipid solubility

28
Q

What are the 2 types of channels in membrane transporters?

A

Gated channels

Open channels

29
Q

How can carrier proteins be classified?

A

Uniport carriers
Cotransporters
- Symport carriers
- Antiport carriers (Nees ATP!!)

30
Q

Which of the membrane transporter change confirmation?

A 
Carrier proteins 
(not the channel proteins)
31
Q

What is the difference between active and diffusion transport?

A
  • Active transport moves substances AGAINST contratration gradient.
  • Active transport requires ENERGY
32
Q

What is the most important transport protein in animal cells? What does it do?

A

Na+ K+ ATPase

Maintains concentration gradients of Na+ and K+

Pomp 2 potassium IN, 3 sodium OUT

NEEDS ENERGY => because goes against concentration gradient

33
Q

True or false,

Primary active transport needs ATP, while secondary active transport doesn’t need ATP

A

true!
secondary active transport uses the POTENTIAL energy stored in Na+ concentration gradients to move glucose against its concentration gradient (SGLT- sodium glucose linked transporter- mechanism)

34
Q

What is vesicular transport good for?

A
  • Good for macromolecules that are too large to pass through protein channels or carriers
  • Move in and out with the aid of vesicles created from the cell membrane
35
Q

What are the 3 types of vesicular transport?

A

PHAGOCYTOSIS

  • Cell engulfs bacterium or other particle into PHAGOSOME
  • Creates vesicles using the CYTOSKELETON

ENDOCYTOSIS

  • Membrane surface indents and forms vesicles
  • Active process that can be nonselective (pinocytosis) or highly selective

ENDOCYTOSIS

  • Uses CAVEOLAE (flask shaped indentations within plasma membrane to concentrate small molecules to help in transfer of macromolecules and to participate in cell signaling)
  • Receptor mediated uses clathrin-coated pits

EXOCYTOSIS

  • Releases molecules too large for transport proteins
  • Is the opposite of endocytosis
36
Q

What are the 2 basic types of endocytosis?

A
  • PHAGOCYTOSIS : condition of cell-eating

- PINOCYTOSIS : condition of cell-drinking=> fluid and the substances dissolved in it enter the cell

37
Q

What are the 2 type of epithelium, based on layor of cells and exchange/transport.

A

Leaky or tight epithelium

Leaky (SINGLE CELL LAYER): when there are a lot of exchanges => capillaries

Tight ( MULTIPLE LAYERS) : skin, cheek, mouth , throat

38
Q

In what type of epithelium will there be exchange vs transport?

A

Exchange=> leaky

Transport=> tight

39
Q

Read last slides of case study

A

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Mam phys (11 decks)

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