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Behavioral Sciences > SM02 Mini1 > Flashcards

SM02 Mini1 Flashcards

1
Q

approximately how many people are killed by NCDs worldwide per year?

A

35 million or 2/3 of all death

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2
Q

what percentage of NCD deaths occur in low & middle income countries?

A

80%

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3
Q

How much do NCDs usually cost the US per year?

A

billions

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4
Q

4 behavioral risk factors for NCDs

A
  • poor diet
  • little to no exercise/physical inactivity
  • smoking
  • alcohol/drug abuse
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5
Q

4 biological risk factors for NCDs

A
  • raised BP (HTN)
  • raised blood sugar (diabetes)
  • raised cholesterol
  • raised BMI (obesity &/or overweight)
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6
Q

what are the top to leading causes of death in the US over the last 75 years?

A

heart dz & cancer, respectively

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7
Q

What is a positive trend seen in heart dz in the last decade?

A

downward trend in percentage of adults w/at least one of three risk factor (uncontrolled HTN, uncontrolled LDL, or smoking)

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8
Q

primordial prevention

A

create framework or environment for prevention of production or exposure to risk factor

target: reduce initial exposure
ex. age legislation on purchase of cigarettes or banning of smoking in ppublic

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9
Q

primary prevention

A

removal of risk factor or increasing resistance before dz process begins

target: asymptomatic persons to prevent dz (exposed but not diseased- ex. second hand smoker)
ex. smoking cessation programs/respirators for silica

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10
Q

secondary preventation

A

detection of asymptomatic dz

target: those early in dz process to prevent progression to symptomatic stages

seeks to improve prognosis

ex. screening programs

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11
Q

tertiary prevention

A

management or rehabilition of established dz

targets: those w/established dz to halt/retard dz progression & limit complication and/or disability OR to rehabilitate those w/functional and/or socla disabilites
ex. tx of COPD pts/drug abusers

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12
Q

screening

A

presumptive identification of unrecognized dz or defect by application of tests, examinations or other procedures that can be applied rapidly

form of secondary prevention

validity measured by sensitivity & specificity

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13
Q

sensitivity

A

ability of screening test to identify person who have dz

sensitivity= (pts w/dz who tested +)/(all pts w/dz)= a/(a+c)

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14
Q

specificity

A

ability of screening test to identify persons who do not have dz

specificity= (tested -)/(true- + false+)= d/(b+d)

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15
Q

positive predictive value

A

probability that pt w/+ test result is true + for dz

PPV= (pts w/dz who tested +)/(all pts who tested +)= a/(a+b)

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16
Q

negative predictive value

A

probability that pt w/- test result is true - for dz

PPV= (pts w/o dz who tested -)/(all pts who tested -)= d/(c+d)

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17
Q

prevalence

A

measure of dz frequency

proportion of persons in defined population that has the outcome of interest at a defined instant in time

includes old & new cases

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18
Q

incidence

A

measure of dz frequency of NEW cases

risk, odds, or rate

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19
Q

Risk

A

measure of incidence

probability of occurrence of an outcome in an outcome-free population during a specified time period

risk= (#of new cases)/(population initially at risk)= d/N

usually applied to non-recurrent dz or first episode

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20
Q

Odds

A

total # of new cases divided by total # of person who remained dz-free over study period

Odds= d/(N-d)

ratio of probability of getting dz to probability of not getting dz in a given time period

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21
Q

Rate

A

express # of people w/condition or #of events in relation to total population at risk

rate= (# ppl w/condition)/(#total pop. at risk) for given time frame

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22
Q

age-specific rate

A

numerator & denominator refer to same specific age group

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23
Q

crude rates

A

rates calculated on total numbers of persons

NOT specific for age, ethnicity, socioeconomic class, etc. (risk factors)

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24
Q

case fatality rate

A

proportion of case of a specified cause which dies in a specified period of time

usually expressed as a percentage

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25
Q

cause specific mortality rate

A

of death by specific cause in defined pop./ unit population in defined period of time

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26
Q

infant mortality rate (IMR)

A

of deaths in children under 1yrs of age/ # of live births in same period

in specified population

27
Q

maternal mortality rate

A

of maternal deaths/ # of live births in same geographic area in same year

28
Q

pregnancy-related mortality ratio

A

estimated # of pregnancy-related deaths for every 100,000 live births

29
Q

perinatal mortality rate

A

[# of fetal deaths (20+ weeks) + early neonatal deaths (0-28 days)] / [total # of live births + fetal deaths]

in a year in defined pop.

30
Q

survival rate

A

proportion of survivors in a group (usually pt w/dz) ,who survive a specified period of time

31
Q

characteristics of a systems-based physcian

A
  • interdisciplinary team-based care
  • robust electronic health record & practice management data
  • research rich
  • participation & leadership in all aspects of healthcare
32
Q

3 core functions of public health

A
  1. assurance
  2. assessment
  3. policy development
33
Q

10 essential services of public health

A
  1. enforce laws
  2. link to/provide care
  3. assure competent workforce
  4. evalute
  5. monitor health
  6. diagnose & investigate
  7. inform, educate, empower
  8. mobilize community partnerships
  9. develop policy
  10. Research
34
Q

FQHC

A

federally qualified health centers

35
Q

what is the primary Federal agency for improving access to health care services for uninsured, isolated or medicall vulnerable populations?

A

Health Resources & Services Administration (HRSA)

also oversees organ, bone marrow & cord blood donation

compensates individuals harmed bu vaccination

maintains databases that protect against healthcare malpractice, waste, fraud, & abuse

36
Q

What organization is in charge of healthcare organization accreditation, certification, & standards of care?

A

Joint Commission on Healthcare Organization

37
Q

what important cahnges did the Affordable Care Act of 2010 make for health insurers?

A
  • cannot turn applicants down for hx of illnes
  • cannot terminate coverage/must renew
  • cannot charge more to those w/hx of illness
    • older persons maxed at 3x that of younger
  • return at least 80% of premiums in form of health service benefits
38
Q

correlation coefficient

A

closeness by which scatter points lie to a regression line

r

between -1 & 1

39
Q

2 variable are said to be associated if…

A

distribution of one variable varies according to the value of the other variable

40
Q

Power of a study

A

probability of finding & declaring a treatment effect when an effect really exists

probability of finding and properly recognizing a correlation

important to avoid type II errors while minimizing costs thru involving the optimal # of participants

Power = 1 - beta

41
Q

P-value

A

probability of committing a type I error

computed based on difference of the means for treated & control groups

if P-value >/= 0.05, then null hypothesis is accpeted

42
Q

beta

A

probability of committing type II error

43
Q

alpha

A

maximum risk of committing type I error

commonly set at 0.05-5% risk of committing type I error

44
Q

type II error

A

failing to identify a correlation via sample population when it in fact exists in the general population

45
Q

type I error

A

claiming a correlation based on sample group data that does not apply to general population

46
Q

one-tailed null hypothesis

A

difference between groups or populations or the treatment effect is anticipated in one direction only

47
Q

two-tailed null hypothesis

A

difference is expected but the direction of difference is not anticipated

48
Q

alternative hypothesis

A

effect that the investigator is trying to demonstrate

49
Q

null hypothesis

A

no difference in population parameters among groups being compared

statement of no difference or no treatment effect

no association of variable

50
Q

confidence intervals

A

indicates how precise an estimate is

95% confidence interval = mean +/- 2 standard error of the mean

51
Q

standard error of the mean

A

measur of dispersion or variability of sample means about the true population mean

applies variability in sample pop to variability in general pop

SE = standard deviation / square root(sample size)

52
Q

statistical inference

A

generalization of results of a sample to the population from which the sample came from

53
Q

standard deviation

A

square root of variance

s = square root{[sum(xi - mean)2] / (n-1)}

divide by n for population

divide by n-1 for sample

54
Q

box plot

A

median, minimum, maximum, first & third quartiles plotted on a line

55
Q

when is median v. mean used?

A

median is used to measure central location when distribution is skewed

mean is measure of central location when distribution is normal

56
Q

variance

A

“average” squared deviation of values of observations in a ser of data from the mean

variance = s2 = [sum of (xi - mean)2] / (n-1)

57
Q

personality traits related to smoking

A

externalizing personality traits

mood disorders

ADD or conduct disorder in children

58
Q

occupational respiratory disorders

A

coal miners pneumoconiosis

asbestosis

silicosis

farmer’s lung

59
Q

what genetic disorders are related to COPD?

A

alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency→ damage caused bu elastases (HLE)

accelerated by smoking

60
Q

chronic cough for 3 months in 2 consecutive years is ______.

A

chronic bronchitis

61
Q

COPD is secondary to what dz?

A

emphysema or chronic bronchitis

62
Q

what histological changes are caused by smoking?

A

cell necrosis & apoptosis due to increased free radicals

squamous metaplasia

mucous gland enlargement

ciliary damage

distortion of the airway

63
Q

what are blue bloaters?

A

COPD pt w/chronic bronchitis

cyanosis & edema

can lead to cor pulmonare & pulmonary HTN

64
Q
A

Behavioral Sciences (9 decks)

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