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Behavioral Sciences > SM02 Mini2 > Flashcards

SM02 Mini2 Flashcards

1
Q

define basal metabolic rate

A

energy required by the body when lying down at complete mental & physical rest, wearing light clothing in a room, comfortably at least 12 hours after a meal

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2
Q

what factors influence BMR?

A
  • thermic effect of food: food ingestion stimulates metabolism
  • proportion of lean body mass: leaner muscle mass has higher BMR
  • abnormal states of starvation & malnutrition: decrease BMR
  • hyperactive thyroid: increases BMR
  • sleep: decreases BMR by 10%
  • fevers: increase BMR 7% per 1ºF
  • pregnancy & lactation increase BMR
  • tropical climate: increases BMR 5-20%
  • physical activity: increases BMR
  • dz that increase cell activity (ex. cancer) increase BMR
  • growth hormone increases BMR
  • cold climates increase BMR to heat body
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3
Q

what are the normal BMR used in calculations for males & females?

A

males= 1 calorie/kg/hour

females= 0.9 calorie/kg/hour

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4
Q

total energy requirement/output

A

=BMR + thermic effect of food intake (TEF) + physical activity

TEF= calories of food x 0.10 approximately 10% used to metabolize

physical activity is BMR x activty level (sedentary 20%; very light 30%; moderate 40%; heavy 50%)

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5
Q

the ntional academy of science recommends that what percentage of daily calories should come from carbohydrates?

A

55-60%

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6
Q

carbohydrate provide how many calories per gram?

A

4cal/gm

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7
Q

what is ketosis?

A

condition in which unusual products of fat breakdown ketone bodesi accumulate in the blood

caused by absence of carbohydrates in the body

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8
Q

why are carbohydrates important to have in the diet?

A
  1. protein-sparing
  2. anti-ketogenic effect (prevents ketosis)
  3. CNS function: brain doesn’t store glucose
  4. fiber source
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9
Q

how much carbohydrates are needed daily to avoid protein breakdown & ketosis?

A

100grams/day on average

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10
Q

why are high fiber diets becoming increasingly important?

A

for treatment of chronic constipation and diverticular dz of colon in diabetes, hypertension, & prevention of colonic cancers

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11
Q

how does a high fiber diet decrease hyperlipidemia?

A
  • dietary fiber lead to increase secretion of bile acids
  • bile acid excretion causes more cholesterol to be converted to bile acids
  • thus decreasing cholesterol serum levels
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12
Q

how does a high fiber diet work to prevent colonic cancer?

A
  • some colonic cancers are caused by carcinogenic secondary products of bile acids
  • consuming fiber increases bile acid excretion & clearance rates
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13
Q

what is the daily recommended fiber intake?

A

20-30 grams/day

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14
Q

what are the essential amino acids for adults?

A

isoleucine

leucine

lysine

methionine

phenylalanine

threonine

tryptophan

valine

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15
Q

how do the essential amino acids vary for children?

A

adult 8 plus

arginine & histidine

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16
Q

what is the US reccomended daily allowance (RDA) for protein?

A

10-15% of total calories

protein yields 4calories/gram

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17
Q

what is the national academy of science’s recommendation for adequate protein intake?

A

0.8g/kg body weight/day

1-1.6g/kg for athletes

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18
Q

define maramus & list its signs and symptoms

A

chronic condition of semi-starvation leading to growth retardation

signs: muscular wasting, lack of subcutaneous fat
causes: failure to breastfeed, use of over diluted formula, or infection from contaminated water supply

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19
Q

define kwashiokor & list its signs and symptoms

A

deficiency dz associated w/diet high in carbohydrates & inadequate in protein (low value when available)

common in 1-4yo age group

signs: hypoalbuminemia, pitting edema, pot belly, enlarged fatty liver, muscle wasting (usually masked by edema)

protein & energy deficiency

“dz of disposed baby when next is born”

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20
Q

how many calories is provided per gram of fat?

A

9

concentrated source of energy

21
Q

what is the amercian heart association reccomendation for daily fat intake?

A

no more than 30% of total calories in those w/no symptoms of heart dz

22
Q

what are triglycerides?

A

dietary fats & oils

23
Q

what are the functions of omega 3 fatty acids?

A
  • reduce risk of heart dz & stroke
  • lower bp & hr
  • guard against plaque build-up & clot formation in arteries
  • aid brain development
24
Q

what are trans fatty acids?

A

formed when hydrogen is added to vegetable oil in order to change a liquid to a solid at room temperature

aka hydrogenation

makes unsaturated fatty acids in to saturated fats

25
Q

what is the recommended daily allowance for cholesterol?

A

300 milligrams/day

26
Q

why is vegetarianism increasing in the US?

A
  1. health
  2. religion
  3. Fad
  4. ecological reasons
  5. cost
27
Q

what are the benefits to vegetarianism?

A
  1. more closely resembles guidelines of “my plate”
    • high complex carbohydrates, high fiber, low fat, low sugar, low sodium
  2. usually follow moderate lifestyle pattern
    • less alcohol, no smoking, regular exercise
  3. higer intake of vitamins A & C
    • antioxidants decrease risk of cancers & heart dz
  4. reduced incidence of obesity, diabetes, HTN, hypercholesterolemia, gallstomnes, & colon cancers
    1.
28
Q

causes of folate deficiency

A
  • inadequate intake: poverty, mental illness, alcoholism, chronic illness, kwasiorkor
  • malabsorption: cealic dz, jejunal resection, tropic sprue
  • increase requirement: pregnancy, lactation, prematurity, hemolytic dz (sickle cell, thalessemia, leukemia)
  • chronic inflammatory dz: RA, TB, malaria
29
Q

what is the reccomended daily allowance for folate?

A

400ugs/day for adults

600ugs/day for pregnant women

500ug/day for lactating women

30
Q

what is the daily reccomended intake for calcium?

A

9-18yo: 1300mg/day

19-50yo: 1000mg/day

>51yo: 1200mg/day

31
Q

risk factors for osteoporosis

A
  • low calcium diet throughout life
  • lack of adequate physical activity
  • excessive alcohol intake
  • family hx of osteoporosis
  • premature menopause
  • short stature
  • cigarette smoking
32
Q

nutritional considerations for alcoholics

A
  • alcohol= 7cal/g of empty calories
    • may decrease appetite
  • alcohol can damage muscosal lining affecting absorption
  • usually thiamine deficient leading to lactic acid acidosis
  • decreases production of intrinsic factor→ B12 deficiency
    • increased plasma methyl THF levels
    • decreased myelin formation→ neuropathy, myleopathy, & axomal degeneration
  • impared folate absorption
33
Q

what is root cause analysis?

A

method of determining underlying factors causing negative outcome or series of incidents

brings together individuals of different training levels & departments to review an incident

purpose of change to prevent future similar incidents

34
Q

what is quality gap?

A

difference between expected care per researched optimal care and actual care given

35
Q

how does a hospital receive “top performer” status?

A

given by the Joint Commission for 1 of 9 “core measure sets”

  • heat attack
  • heart failure
  • pneumonia
  • sx
  • children’s asthma
  • inpatient psychiatric services
  • stroke
  • immunization
36
Q

measure

A

act or process of ascertaining extent, dimension, or quantity of something

must be chosen w/understanding of level of system to which it relates

include where data are generated, who is responsible for collecting data, specific units

37
Q

what are the challenges to measurement?

A
  • time consuming data collection
  • collecting appropriate data
  • results match reality?
  • unexpected answers & their consequences
38
Q

what are the benefits of measurement?

A
  • sets stage for improvement
  • shows progress or change
  • “sell” ideas to management
  • common frame of reference
  • away from anecdotes & opinions
39
Q

process measure

A

captures basic performance of process

should be performed on variety of processes w/in system

evalulates actions that influences results

40
Q

outcome measure

A

measure end result of process

success of system

41
Q

what tool is used to assist in choosing the proper measures?

A

value compass

42
Q

what are the faces of performace measurement?

A

research, judgement, improvement

not mutually exclusive

43
Q

how can the faces of performance measurement be differentiated?

A

research: use of p-value, for hypothesis testing
judgement: for comparison (clinics, treatments, etc.)
improvement: assessing change over time

44
Q

causes of variation

A
  • living things being “non-standard”
  • human factor
  • environment
  • data collection & recording
  • margin of error
45
Q

what is a run?

A

one or more points on a side of the median

data points on the median do not count

46
Q

on a point diagram, what would indicate a special cause variation?

A

at least 25 data points w/8-17 runs

47
Q

what is a shift?

A

7+ consecutive data points on one side of the median

points on the median do not count

48
Q

what is a trend?

A

7+ consecutive data points constanly going in one direction

consecutive data point of the same value do not ruin the trend

Behavioral Sciences (9 decks)

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