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Behavioral Sciences > SM01 Mini 1 > Flashcards

SM01 Mini 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Epidemiology

A

study of the distribution and the determinants of health related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems

science of public health and preventive medicine

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2
Q

Public Health

A

application of science, policy & service to optimize the health of the population through social actions

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3
Q

Epidemic

A

Occurrence of disease at rates in excess of what is expected for the given population

The occurrence in a community or region of cases of an illness, specific health-related behavior, or other health-related events clearly in excess of normal expectancy. The community or region and the period in which the cases occur are specified precisely

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4
Q

Outbreak

A

Epidemic that is limited to a localized increase in incidence of health-related event or disease

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5
Q

Pandemic

A

an epidemic that crosses at least two geographic areas

(Americas, Africa, Eurasia, Antarctica, Oceania)

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6
Q

Endemic

A

usual prevalence of disease in a given area

constant presence of disease in normal proportions for a given area

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7
Q

Biostatistics

A

application of statistics to a biological problem, NOT just medical

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8
Q

Evidence Based Practice

A

integration of: 1. clinical expertise, 2. external scientific evidence, 3. patient/provider perspectives to needs

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9
Q

Quantitative Variable

A

numerical

ie. weight, age, number of incidents

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10
Q

Qualitative Variable

A

categorical

ie. sex, race, social class, disease stage

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11
Q

Variable

A

any attribute, event or phenonmena that can have different values

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12
Q

Dependent Variable

A

variable that is related to the outcome of interest

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13
Q

Independent Variable

A

variable that may influence the outcome

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14
Q

Nominal Variable

A

categories are mutually exclusive & unordered

type of qualitative/categorical variable

ie. sex, race

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15
Q

Ordinal variable

A

categories are mutually exclusive and ordered

type of qualitative variable

ie. socioeconomic class

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16
Q

Discrete variable

A

counted integer

type of quantitative variable

ie. number of incidents

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17
Q

Continuous variable

A

measured, can have any value

type of quantitative variable

ie. weight, height

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18
Q

Distribution Frequency

A

frequency with which the different possible values of a variable occur in a group of subjects

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19
Q

Mean

A

=Σxi

n

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20
Q

Median

A

middle value in a data set

50th percentile

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21
Q

Mode

A

most frequent value in a data set

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22
Q

Range

A

max & min values of a data set

usually recorded as a single number (difference between max and min)

23
Q

Percentiles

A

p th percentile of a distribution is the value such that p percent of the observations fall at or below it

most frequently quartile (p=25) or p=50

24
Q

Interquartile Range

A

central portion of the distribution

calculated by the difference between the third and first quartile

approximately 1/2 of obervations

25
Q

Complete Wellness

A

spirital, environmental, mental, physical, emotional, social

26
Q

Health Promotion

A

process of enabling people to increase control over their health & well-being

Defense

27
Q

Primary Prevention

A

action: educate community & individuals
outcome: prevent disease
ex. sunscreen, seatbelt use, helmet use
pt. denies illness/doctor doesn’t suspects disease

28
Q

Secondary Prevention

A

action: community screening
outcome: early detection
ex. paps, routine colonoscopy, HIV screening
pt. denies illness/doctor suspects disease

29
Q

Tertiary Prevention

A

action: diagnosis & treatment of disease
outcome: reduce/slow progess of disease
ex. surgery, chemotherapy
pt. perceives illness/doctor observes disease

30
Q

Quaternary Prevention

A

action: do no harm
outcome: reduce hazard/ don’t over medicate
ex. excess testing or repeats of normal test
pt. perceives illness/doctor observes absence of disease

31
Q

Preventative Medicine

A

board certified medical specialty focused on clinical & public health promotion

requires MPH & clinical focus on: Aerospace, general preventative & public health, OR occupational & environmental medicine

Offense

32
Q

Medical Home

A

NOT a building

the use of a PCP to coordinate all care through secondary & tertiary care (team based approach)

offers pt.s comfort, convenience, & optimal care as well as decrease costs

33
Q

Health Home

A

team-based approach for individuals with approved chronic conditions on Medicaid

PCP, mental health center, or other qualified clinic

strong focus on behavioral health, social support, & other services

34
Q

Obesity

A

BMI greater than 30

35
Q

Overweight

A

BMI 25-30

36
Q

Normal weight

A

BMI of 18.5-25

37
Q

Underweight

A

under 18.5

38
Q

Modifiable Health Risk Behaviors

A
  1. smoking (tobacco use)
  2. sedentary lifestyle
  3. poor nutrition/obesity
  4. excess alcohol
  5. poor sleep (too much or too little)

there are plenty of other possibilities, these are the top offenders

39
Q

Stages of Change

A
  1. Precontemplation
  2. Contemplation
  3. Preparation
  4. Action
  5. Maintenance

try to encourage patients to move one step at a time, if you try to force all the way they will shutdown (feel lectured to)

40
Q

Precontemplation

A

not considering change/”in denial”

may have tried repeatedly but given up

remind them why they should try again

41
Q

Contemplation

A

unsure about making change, weighing cost/benefit or pro/cons

identify barriers to change, support

42
Q

Preparation

A

prepared to make small changes

help them to set realistic goals

43
Q

Action

A

takes action to change

provide positive reinforcement

44
Q

Maintenance

A

strives to maintain new behavior

provide encouragement

45
Q

Medical model of substance abuse

A

gender, genetics (child of addict is 4x more likely to also be an addict), behavior, environment (availability), culture (acceptable or not)

46
Q

Criteria for Substance Use Disorders

A
  1. often taken in larger amts or longer period than intended
  2. persistent desire to cut down or control
  3. large amt time spent in obtaining, using, or recovering from
  4. craving
  5. failure to fulfill role at work, school, or home
  6. continued uses despite problems caused by use
  7. important activities given up or reduced b/c of use
  8. recurrent use in hazardous situations
  9. use despite knowledge that it is causing or exacerbating other physical or psych. problems
  10. tolerance: needing more or diminished effect
  11. withdrawal or taken to relieve withdrawal symptoms
47
Q

Mild abuse

A

2-3 criteria

suggest early intervention or outpatient services

48
Q

Moderate Abuse

A

4-5 criteria

intensive outpatient services: 10-12 hours/week of counseling, therapy, and workshops OR rehab (28 day residential)

49
Q

Severe Abuse

A

6 or more criteria met

inpatient medical intensive care

50
Q

Addiction

A

brain disease involving compulsive behavior, continued abuse despite knowledge of negative consequences, & persistent changes in brain structure & function

51
Q

Screening for Abuse

A

CAGE interview

1 or more positive answers= at risk for use

2 or more= probable use

sensitivity= 43-94%; specificity= 78-96%

52
Q

CAGE

A
  1. have you felt you should Cut down use?
  2. Have people Annoyed you by criticizing your use?
  3. Have you felt Guilty about use?
  4. Eye Opener ex: have you ever taken a drink first thing in the morning to get rid of a hangover?
53
Q

Overdose Risk Factors

A
  1. opioid prescription
  2. high dose opioid prescription
  3. poverty
  4. age (55+)
  5. poly-substance abuse
  6. illness
  7. recent abstinence

Behavioral Sciences (9 decks)

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