Small Animal Medicine/Vaccinations

Question 1

Describe modified live - whole agent - vaccines

Answer 1

• attenuated but antigenic
• lower Ag mass = fewer reactions
• requires replication in host
• best vax to stimulate CMI
• long protection
• vax-induced illness
  
  • ​immunosuppressed animals
  • neonates

Question 2

Describe recombinant vector vaccines and list some examples

Answer 2

• genetic code for key immunogenic proteins is inserted into a non-pathogenic vector
  
  • e.g. Poxvirus, herpesvirus, bovine papillomavirus, simian virus 40, PUREVAX Rabies and FeLv vax - BI

Question 3

Describe genetic deletion vaccines and a potential use for them.

Answer 3

• selected genome removed to decrease virulence
• experimental vaxs

Question 4

Describe nucleic acid vaccines and some potential uses for them.

Answer 4

• naked genes inserted into plasmid carrier
• gene therapy/cancer treatment

Question 5

Describe non-infectious vaccines

Answer 5

• whole agent - killed
• higher Ag mass
• more allergenic reactions/adverse events
• requires adjuvant
• shorter duration of immunity than MLV
• primarily stimulates humoral immunity
• no reversion to virulence
• safe in immunosuppressed, neonates, or pregnant animals

Question 6

Describe a purified subunit vaccine

Answer 6

• purified antigenic components of the infectious agent
• less allergenic than killed whole agent
  
  • many vaxs on market now

Question 7

Describe recombinant protein and chimeric protein vaccines and give a couple examples

Answer 7

• Recombinant - desired gene cloned into organism that produces it in vitro - then harvested and purified
  
  • e.g. Recombitek Lyme - BI
• Chimeric protein - one protein w/ genetic material from multiple sources
  
  • e.g. Zoetis - Vanguard - Lyme

Question 8

What could cause vaccination failures?

Answer 8

not all vaccines will effectively immunize

• host factors
• vaccine factors
• human factors

Question 9

What are some host factors that could cause vaccine failure?

Answer 9

• immunodeficiency
• maternal Ab
• age
• pregnancy
• fever/hypothermia
• stress/illness (including parasitism)

Question 10

What are some vaccine factors that could cause vaccine failure?

Answer 10

• improper storage/handling
• biologic variation (culture variability)
• strain differences
• excessive attenuation
• reversion to virulence
• overwhelming exposure

Question 11

What are some human factors that could cause vaccine failure?

Answer 11

• hospital protocol
• exposed at time of disease
• vaccine interference (improper vax interval - 2 wk min.)
• improper mixing/amount
• improper route of admin
• improper use of disinfectants
• concurrent antimicrobials or immunosuppressants

Question 12

What are some common vaccine reactions?

Answer 12

• local reaction (swelling, pain)
• mild systemic reactions (facial rxn, hives)
• fetal resorption, abortions, birth defects
• anaphylaxis
• immune complex dz
• incomplete attenuation causing dz
• vax-induced neoplasia (fibrosarc)
• immune-mediated destruction of RBCs or platelets
• polyradiculoneuritis
• contamination of multi-dose vials
• adventitious agents (Bluetongue virus) - rare today

Question 13

What are the vaccination site guidelines for canines?

Answer 13

• DA₂PP - SQ RS
• Rabies - SQ RR
• record other sites, manufacturer, type, serial #
• avoid interscapular space always

Question 14

What are the vaccination site guidelines for felines?

Answer 14

• FVRCP - SQ R foreleg - distally
• FeLV - SQ LR leg - distally
• Rabies - SQ RR - distally
• record manufacturer, type, and serial #
• other SQ injections on sides or L forelimb distally
• avoid interscapular space always

Question 15

Describe the canine distemper virus vaccine and the vaccination protocol

Answer 15

• MLV
• vaccinate pups @ 6-8 wks then every 2-4 wks until 14-16 weeks of age
• Dogs > 16 wks - 2 doses 3-4 wks apart
• Can use heterotypic measles vax (IM) at 6-8 wks ONLY
• Recombinant CDV can be used in the face of passive immunity

Question 16

Describe the infectious canine hepatitis vaccine and the vaccination protocol

Answer 16

• MLV, SQ or IN
• Canine adenovirus type-1 (CAV-1) vaccine
  
  • can cause anterior uveitis/nephritis
• CAV-2 vaccine provides cross protection w/o reaction
• Vaccinate @ 6-8 wks then q 2-4 wks untlk 14-16 wks
• Dogs > 16 wks - 2 doses 3-4 wks apart

Question 17

Describe the leptospirosis vaccine and the vaccination protocol

Answer 17

• non-core vax
• killed, non-infectious
• immunization reduces incidence and severity (not every vax prevents carrier state)
• shorter duration of immunity, 10-12 mo
• older combo vaxs (DA₂LPP) were vs. serovars - canicola and icoterohaemorrhagie
• newer 4-way vaxs vs. above 2 + pomona and grippotyphosa
  
  • no evidence of cross protection b/t serovars
• vax is highly allergic ( incr risk in small dogs/combo w/ other killed products)
  
  • ​if anaphylaxis > treat appropriately & discontinue further lepto vaxs
• vax pups @ > 9 wks then q 2-3 wks for 2-3 times
• can cause suppression of Ab response to other Ag

Question 18

Describe the infectious canine tracheobronchitis vaccine and the vaccination protocol

Answer 18

• bordetella bronchiseptica, canine parainfluenza virus, CAV-1, CAV-2, canine herpes virus, CDV, reovirus, mycoplasma, influenza
• bordetella vax - parenteral (killed)
• parainfluenza vax - parenteral (MLV)
• combo CPIV/Bordetella vax - IN (MLV + live avirulent)
• influenza vax - killed single agent and bivalent - parenteral

Question 19

Describe the canine influenza virus vaccine and the vaccination protocol

Answer 19

• against emerging pathogens - H3N8 and H3N2
• parenteral - SQ
• no cross protection b/t strains
• new bivalent vax (killed, Merck and Zoetis)

Question 20

Describe the parainfluenza vaccine and the vaccination protocol

Answer 20

• intranasal - 1 dose @ > 3 wks or 7-14d before boarding
  
  • stimulates IgA, CMI, and interferon
  • no maternal Ab interference
  • rapid onset of protection
  • reduced clinical dz & viral shedding
  • mild CS post-vax
• parenteral - 2 MLV vax given 2-4 wks apart
  
  • protects vs. CS, not shedding
  • takes longer for protection - 6 wks
  • given in DA₂PP combo

Question 21

Describe the bordetella bronchiseptica vaccine and the vaccination protocol

Answer 21

• intranasal - live avirulent
  
  • IgA within 4 days post-vax
  • protects vs. clinical dz & viral shedding
  • mild CS post-vax (resp)
  • zoonotic potential, primarily to children or immunosuppressed w/ very close contact
  • some may contain CAV-2
• parenteral - inactivated
  
  • not as effective due to mucosal nature of dz
  • produces higher titer
  • 2 doses 2-4 wks apart 7-14d before boarding
  • Vax reactions possible (systemic)

Question 22

Describe the canine parvo virus vaccine and the vaccination protocol

Answer 22

• maternal Ab interference
• critical period for susceptibility
• high titer/low culture passage vax (attenuated)
  
  • overcomes maternal Ab - most by 12 wks
  • e.g. Vanguard Parvo Vax - Zoetis, @ 6, 9, 12, 16 wks

Question 23

Describe the canine corona virus vaccine and the vaccination protocol

Answer 23

• not recommended
• primarily a dz of puppies < 6 wks
• subclinical or mild self-limiting dz

Question 24

Describe the Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme dz) vaccine and the vaccination protocol

Answer 24

• non-core group vax
• 99% of cases in Northeast & Mid-Atlantic coast, upper Midwest & West Coast
• Ab titer only indicates exposure
• 2 doses given > 12 wks 2-3 wks apart - annually
• Tick control important
• whole cell, subunit, and chimeric vaxs

Question 25

Describe the canine and feline rabies vaccines and the vaccination protocol

Answer 25

* non-core group vax * vax at 3-4 months then in 1 year * booster _as required by state/local law_ * killed product, **strongly adjuvanted** * **anaphylaxis** - adverse effect * **feline fibrosarcoma** * **cutaneous vasculitis** * non-adjuvanted products available (1 and 3 yr) * check laws on vaccination of wolf-hybrids

Question 26

What vaccines are considered core-group vaccines for canines?

Answer 26

* canine distemper * infectious canine hepatitis (adenovirus 1/2) * infectious canine tracheobronchitis - influenza, parainfluenza, *Bordetella* * canine parvovirus

Question 27

Describe the panleukopenia, herpes, and calici virus vaccine and the vaccination protocol

Answer 27

* core in shelter/cattery * vax at 6-8 wks, then q 2-4 wks until 16 wks * **can vax as early as 4 wks in shelter** * revax at one yr, then q 3 yrs * attenuated and inactivated available for parenteral use * attenuated available for intranasal use * in outbreak, causes CS

Question 28

Describe the *Chlamydia felis* vaccine and the vaccination protocol

Answer 28

* non-core in shelter/cattery * live avirulent and inactivated vaxs available * some protection, not complete immunity * primarily conjunctivitis - mild signs of short duration, low prevalance _\<_ 5% * **may be useful where confirmed endemic in cattery or shelter (otherwise limited benefit)** * rxns: lethargy, anorexia, lameness, fever * maternal Ab interference = negligible * vax \> 3 wks and repeat in 4 wks if \< 12 wks old

Question 29

Describe the feline leukemia virus vaccine and the vaccination protocol

Answer 29

* non-core vax * vax @ 8-10 wks and booster in 3-4 wks, then annually or q 2 yrs depending on risk * killed and avirulent, canary pox vectored (MLV) available * **test 1st, if high risk may test again in 2-3 mo.** * **vax high risk healthy cats** * consider vax **more as kittens & less as adults** (incr immunity) * may be needed in communal housing situations * immunogen is gp70 enveloped protein; ELISA test - p27 Ag

Question 30

Describe the *Bordetella bronchiseptica* virus feline vaccine and the vaccination protocol

Answer 30

* non-core vax * similar to kennel cough in dogs * URI, pyrexia, cough * bronchopneumonia cyanosis & dyspnea * can be fatal * primarily cattery problem * **vax may be useful where confirmed endemic in cattery/shelter** (otherwise limited benefit) * e.g. Protex-Bp - Intervet * vax @ \>4 wks, 1 dose, 0.2 ml intranasal

Question 31

Describe the feline corona virus vaccine and the vaccination protocol

Answer 31

* **not generally recommended** * attenuated, temp sensitive mutant virus * replicates in cooler temps of nasal mucosa * efficacy of vax not well established * may be helpful in catteries & multi-cat household w/ hx of FIP * 2 vax @ _\>_ 16 wks and booster in 3-4 wks, revax annually

Question 32

Describe the feline immunodeficiency virus vaccine and the vaccination protocol

Answer 32

* **not generally recommended** * killed virus, adjuvanted * vax at 8 wks w/ 2 boosters every 3-4 wks (3 doses required) * **causes positive test post vax (Ab test)** * possibly needed in communal housing situations * **no longer made/distributed in North America**

Question 33

What are the principles guiding the duration of immunity (DOI) of an individual vaccine?

Answer 33

* annual vax rx by AVMA 20 yrs ago * most vaxs were challenged 2-3 wks after last vax administered * 1 yr revaccination rx was arbitrary * **exception = rabies, 1 & 3 yr DOI** * since 1995, USDA required DOI for any new novel vax

Question 34

What are the vaccination guidelines at UF VMC for canines?

Answer 34

* DA₂PP (NO L) @ 6-8 wks then q 2-4 wks until 16 wks, then in 1 yr - triennial **(Core)** * Bordetella/Parainfluenza (IN) @ 3 wks, repeat in 6-12 mo if at risk (Bord.-only oral available too) - **(Core in puppies and at risk adults)** * Rabies @ 12-16 wks, repeat in 1 year then q 3 yrs **(Core)** * Lyme, Lepto, and Bivalent Influenza are given at \<10 wks then in 2-4 wks, then annually **(at risk)**

Question 35

What are the vaccination guidelines at UF VMC for felines?

Answer 35

* FVRCP @ 6-8 wks then q 2-4 wks until 15-16 wks, repeat in 1 year then triennial **(Core)** * FeLV vax (FeLV - and high risk) @ \> 10 wks, repeat 2-4wks, then annually or every 2 yrs **(Core in kittens and at risk adults)** * Rabies @ 12-16 wks, repeat in 1-3 yrs depending on vax used/label (adjuvant/non-adjuvanted) **(Core)**

Question 36

Describe some changing trends in vax protocols

Answer 36

* objective is to vax more animals in the population but to vax indivduals LESS often * vaccination is a medical procedure that should include same considerations and reasoning skills required when deciding on tx/sx * clients must be educated to the value and need for the **annual** health exam + vaccines * educate clients **before** they find info elsewhere

Question 37

What are things included for the preventative treatment for ascarids and hookworms?

Answer 37

* puppies - deworm @ 3,6,8,12 wks * kittens - deworm @ 6,8,12 wks (no parenteral infxn) * deworm dam at breeding and with pups * collect and dispose of pet waste * must make owners aware of zoonotic potential * larval migrans * good personal hygiene

Question 38

What are 3 important intestinal parasites to worry about in small animals?

Answer 38

* Trichuris spp. * Dipylidium spp. * Taenia spp.

Question 39

What is UF CVM's heartworm protocol?

Answer 39

* start prevs @ 6-8 wks * if \> 6 mo., must test 1st * retest in 6 mo. if missed prevention * on monthly prev - ELISA Ag test q 1-2 yrs