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Gastrointestinal > Small intestine physiology > Flashcards

Small intestine physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three carbohydrate products which are absorbed in the small intestine

A

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

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2
Q

Where is starch digestion initiated

A

Mouth - facilitated by salivary amylase

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3
Q

Where does the majority of carbohydrate digestion occur

A

Small intestine

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4
Q

What is the main enzyme of carbohydrate digestion

A

Pancreatic amylase

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5
Q

What are the disaccharides produced from carbohydrate digestion

A

Maltose
Maltotriose
a-dextrins

All converted to glucose by brush border enzymes

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6
Q

Name the brush border enzymes

A

Lactase
Sucrase
Trehalase

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7
Q

How are glucose and galactose absorbed across the apical membrane

A

Secondary active transport (along with Na+)

Sodium-glucose cotransporters (SGLT1)

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8
Q

How do glucose, fructose and galactose exit the cell

A

GLUT2 receptors across the basolateral membrane into the blood

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9
Q

How does fructose enter the cell

A

Facilitated diffusion via GLUT5

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10
Q

Where does protein digestion begin

A

Stomach with action of pepsin

Breaks down protein into amino acids and oligopeptides

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11
Q

Where is the process of digestion completed

A

Small intestine with brush border and pancreatic enzymes

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12
Q

What does the brush border and pancreatic enzymes do to oligopeptides

A

Split into amino acids, dipeptides and tripeptides

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13
Q

How are amino acids transported into the cell

A

Sodium transporter

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14
Q

How are amino acids transported into the blood

A

Facilitated diffusion

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15
Q

What is lipid digestion started by

A

Lingual and gastric lipase

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16
Q

What % of lipid digestion is done by lingual and gastric lipase

A

10%

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17
Q

Where are the remainder of lipids digested

A

Small intestine

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18
Q

How are lipids digested in the small intestine

A

Bile acid digestion emulsifies the fat goblets into small chunks (micelles) which have a much larger surface area

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19
Q

What happens to micelles

A

Pancreatic lipase, phospholipase A2 and cholesterol ester hydrolase - hydrolyse the micelles by breaking them down into fatty acids, monoglycerides, cholesterol and lysolecithin

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20
Q

How are lipids absorbed

A

Inside the cell products are re-esterified to form the original lipids, triglycerides, cholesterol and phospholipids

These lipids are packaged into apoproteins to form chylomicron

Chylomicrons are too large to enter circulation so they enter lymphatic system via lacteals

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21
Q

Where does most water and electrolyte absorption occur

A

Small intestine

Some is absorbed in the colon

22
Q

How much fluid does the small intestine absorb a day

A

7.5L/day

23
Q

How much fluid does the colon absorb a day

A

<1.5L

24
Q

How much intestinal secretions are there per day

A

1.5L/day

25
Q

What factors affect absorption

A

Number and structure of enterocytes

Blood and lymph flows

Nutrient intake

GI motility

26
Q

What factors affect secretion

A

Irritants

Bile

Bacterial

Toxins

27
Q

What do carbohydrates breakdown into

A

Monosaccharides

28
Q

What do proteins breakdown into

A

Amino acids

29
Q

What do fats breakdown into

A

Fatty acids/glycerol

30
Q

What is the small intestine the primary site for

A

Digestion and absorption of food

31
Q

What breakdown glucose into disaccharides

A

Amylase

32
Q

What is the role of enterocytes

A

Absorb glucose and galactose through Na-dependent secondary active transport process

Fructose is absorbed by facilitated transport

33
Q

What breaks down proteins to polypeptides in the stomach

A

Pepsin

34
Q

What breaks down polypeptides to short peptides and amino acids in the small intestine

A

Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Carboxypeptidase

35
Q

What breaks short peptides and amino acids to amino acids in the intestinal mucosa

A

Peptidases

36
Q

From protein digestion what enters the blood

A

Amino acids

37
Q

Why is bile needed to breakdown fats

A

Fat and water tend to separate

Enzymes are in the water and cannot get at the fat

Bile has affinity for both fat and water

38
Q

What happens to bile after they perform there function

A

Recycled back to the liver

39
Q

What enzymes are found in the salivary glands

A

Amylase

Lipase

40
Q

What does amylase target

A

Starch

41
Q

What does lipase target

A

Triglycerides

42
Q

What enzymes are found in the stomach

A

Pepsin

Lipase

43
Q

What does lipase target

A

Triglycerides

44
Q

What enzymes are found in the pancreas

A

Amylase

Lipase and colipase

Phospholipase

Trypsin

Chymotrypsin

45
Q

What does colipase target

A

Triglycerides

46
Q

What does phospholipase target

A

Phospholipids

47
Q

What does trypsin target

A

Peptides

48
Q

What does chymotrypsin target

A

Peptides

49
Q

What enzymes are found in the intestines

A

Enterokinase

Disaccharidases

Peptidases

50
Q

What does enterokinase target

A

Activates trypsin

51
Q

What does disaccharidase target

A

Complex sugars

52
Q

What does peptidases target

A

Peptides

Gastrointestinal (12 decks)

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