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Alimentary BVetMed 3 > Small Mammal GI Disease > Flashcards

Small Mammal GI Disease Flashcards

Rabbits

1
Q

Small Herbivores

(characteristics)

A
  • much faster GI transit than a horse for example
  • round 1: get all their nutrition out of the food
  • round 2: get the rest of the nutrition from caecotroph
  • vomiting is one problem that rabbits don’t give us
  • look on exotics section on learn!
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2
Q

Small Herbivores and Antibiotics

A
  • can be scary to know what ot give small animals
  • rabbits are very dependent on hidgut microflora
  • antibiotic use (certain ones) will reduce some intestinal bacteria which allows for overgrowth of Clostridium
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3
Q

PLACE Rule

A
  • Antibiotics that you cannot give rabbits by mouth!
  • Penicillin
  • Lincosamides
  • Aminoglycosides
  • Cyclosporins
  • Erythromyocin
  • Can give injectable penicillins in some cases though
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4
Q

Medications for Treating Small Mammals

(

A
  • Metronidazole
  • Fluoroquinolones
  • Tetracyclines
  • Sulfonamides
  • Macrolides (some you can use, some you cannot)
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5
Q

Approach to “Gut Stasis”

A
  • Often the rabbit is just not feeling right and this is a good sign
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6
Q

Common Causes of Gus Stasis

(7)

A
  • If the rabbit just feels stressed, off, abnormal even
  • Insufficient Fiber in the diet can lead to stasis
  • Primary GI disease: obstructions are not uncommon in rabbits
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7
Q

Logical Approach to gut stasis

A
  • not too different to cats and dogs
  • is the GI the main system
  • is the stomach affected or the hindgut?
  • Rabbits often come in, not eating or pooing and it can be remedied as a stress related problem, but it isnt very definitive
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8
Q

History: define the problem

A
  • what is it eating and what it is actually passing
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9
Q

Clinical Examination

A
  • Important to get practice of the systems
  • Need to feel abdomen (big an distended? pain) or is the pain elsewhere and causing secondary slowdown of GI?
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10
Q

Defining the system:

Primary GI v. Secondary GI

A
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11
Q

Stabilising a Rabbit with gut stasis

(5 +)

A
  • 5 points of stabilising an animal (even any animal!)
  • most likely won’t need oxygen, but should be on your radar!
  • Might want to put them in areas where they can hide to avoid stress (as they think you are predator) and possibly a companion animal for low stress/company
  • wuestion whether they need prokinetics or not
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12
Q

Providing Warmth

A
  • Important to take temperature on outlet and keep them at the right temperature
  • hypothermia is a solid indicator of a possible crashing patient
  • rabbit temps are a bit higher normally than other species
  • Don’t overheat though!
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13
Q

Fluid Therapy for Patient

A
  • many of these patients are often dehydrated, with gut stasis, havent been eating–> rabbits get a good amount of fluid from food
  • Will be considering fluid as a starting point for a lot of patients
  • They have a faster metabolic rate so a high amount of fluid is normal!
  • Use marginal ear vein for rabbits, apply cream and local anaestetic so they actually stay still
  • Don’t do in the middle! - IT IS AN ARTERY. DONT PUT IV CATHETER IN ARTERY
  • the veins are on the peripheral edges of the ear
  • really small dwarf rabbits may need to do sub Q fluids as the vein is too small for the cathether- but isnt the best method.
  • If you warm the fluids and use hyaluronidase (which causes quick distribution of the fluid!) - echo
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14
Q

Nutrition

A
  • Is great to tempt them to eat in practice, but normally difficult
  • best to do 5 feeding if they are anorexic, less if they have been willing to eat a bit
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15
Q

Analgesia

A
  • hard to assess pain in these small animals
  • ex: this obstructed rabbit has a grimace face and his ears are back
  • still have same pain relief options as other animals
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16
Q

Gut Stasis and the Constant Risk

A
  • drugs can slow gut motility depending on which you use
  • but pain sill slow it more than anything
  • you need to give adequate analgesia to get anything done or else you will be stuck in this cycle
17
Q

Metoclopramide

A

Most common, but one of the least effective!

no effect on hindgut which isnt very effective for the rabbit

18
Q

Ranitidine

A
  • has some effect on the hindgut as well
19
Q

Cisapride

A
  • same as ranitidine in the foregut
  • echo
    *
20
Q
A
  • Need to Define the Location
  • this is a normal rabbit radiograph
  • most of body is GI tract
  • have respiratory problems often due to small lung field
  • should see some patches of gas
21
Q

Initially Conscious X-Rays

A
  • can normally keep them calm if they are in a dark room and quiet
22
Q

Rabbit presented in gut stasis, painful, abdomen felt tens

A
  • would you go to surgery right away?
  • there is a definite obstruction concern
  • stomach is so round
23
Q

Would you go to surgery?

A
  • This is a completely obstructed rabbit- YES
  • see black line between stomach wall and ingesta
  • gas build up between stomach and food
  • stomach was FULL of hair –> companion was long haired and it had been grooming him
24
Q

Would you go to surgery?

A
  • no
  • he was in pain, tons of gas, bacterial imbalance
  • but there is gas through the WHOLE GI Tract
  • so it is not an obstructed abdomen
25
Q

When is Surgery Required?

A
  • if you are unsure, you can take serial radiographs to see if the gas is moving
  • can be so painful, so dont underestimate the analgesia you may need
26
Q

Blood Test in these patients

A
  • Not totally diagnostic
  • need to check the teeth - may need anaesthesia or analgesia
27
Q

Define the Lesion

A
  • approach you find in other animals may not work in rabbits
  • if you biopsy multiple places on the rabbit can compromise the gut (echo)
28
Q

Approach to Diarrhea

A
  • Same approach as dogs and cats
  • make sure it isnt just an accumulation of caecotrophs on the hind end - very important to clarify!
  • Not producing caecotrophs is different to diarrhea
29
Q

Common Causes of Diarrhea

(6)

A
  • Hopefully these can help you define without any of the tests
30
Q

Diagnosis of Diarrhea

A
  • Majority of diarrhea cases, you will be able to get diagnosis from history
31
Q

Stablising a Rabbit with Diarrhea

(5)

A
  • generally oxygen isnt required
  • coccidia is a main infection in YOUNG rabbits
  • antibiotics- avoid use as much as possible, but metranidazole is indicated for bacterial enteritis
  • There are a lot of products on the market for rabbits in terms of probiotics, but research shows they arent super beneficial
  • fecal transfers can be an option in some cases - even though owners dont love it
    *
32
Q

More Specific Treatment for Diarrhea

A

Alimentary BVetMed 3 (16 decks)

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