Smith 16

Question 1

How long should it take a normal foal to be sternal, then BAR, then attempting to stand, then wobblyly standing?

Answer 1

2-3 min, 5 min, 25 min, standing securely by 60 min

Question 2

how long should it take a suckle reflex to appear? By when should it nurse? How long are normal nursing sessions?

Answer 2

30 minutes, 2 hours, 5-7 minutes

Question 3

What % bodyweight do newborn foals consume daily?

Answer 3

20-25%

Question 4

What does an APGAR score assess? When should it be performed?

Answer 4

Neonatal asphyxia. Within 15 minutes of birth, and then again in 4 minutes

Question 5

What components comprise an APGAR score?

Answer 5

mm color, pulse, grimace @ nostril stim, ear tickle response, thoracolumbar stimulus response, muscle tone, respiration

Question 6

What drug has been used to treat maternal aggression? What are the side effects?

Answer 6

Alprazolam (benzodiazepine), causes sedation at q8hr, poses risk to preg humans

Question 7

What is the average healthy daily weight gain for a TB foal?

Answer 7

1.3-1.7 kg/d

Question 8

What are characteristics of a dysmature or premature foal?

Answer 8

Domed forehead, shiny and short coat, floppy ears (check for hemorrhages too), periarticular laxity, small body size and weight

Question 9

When in gestation is a foal considered premature vs postmature?

Answer 9

pre: before 340 d
post: after 365 d

Question 10

What is the normal temp for a foal up to 4 days old?

Answer 10

T: 99-102*F

Question 11

How long does it take a menace response to develop?

Answer 11

14 days

Question 12

What normal finding could be confused with congenital cataracts?

Answer 12

Y suture lines in the lens

Question 13

How could you correct entropion in a foal?

Answer 13

Apply staples or vertical mattress sutures, inject PPG into the lower lid, (rarely) perform surgery

Question 14

Episcleral injection is a prominent feature of which major disease?

Answer 14

Sepsis

Question 15

Which ocular finding in older foals is associated with Salmonella or Rhodococcus equi infection?

Answer 15

Iridiocyclitis

Question 16

What are the ddx for icterus in a foal?

Answer 16

systemic sepsis, neonatal isoerythrolysis, liver disease, internal hemorrhage, meconium retention, or EHV1 infection

Question 17

What does pallor + icterus indicate?

Answer 17

neonatal isorerythrolysis or internal hemorrhage

Question 18

when should foal incisors erupt?

Answer 18

by 5-7 days

Question 19

When do corner incisors erupt in foals?

Answer 19

6-9 mo

Question 20

What is the most common oral congenital malformation in foals?

Answer 20

brachygnathism

Question 21

What other condition is associated with mandibular prognathism?

Answer 21

Congenital hypothyroidism

Question 22

What dietary factors/additives to a mare can cause fetal goiters?

Answer 22

excess iodine via seaweed, high nitrate, insufficient iodine

Question 23

Thyroid enlargement in foals can be associated with what other disease category?

Answer 23

Respiratory dysfunction

Question 24

What breed is most predisposed to atlantoaxial malformations?

Answer 24

Arabian foals

Question 25

How can atlantoaxial malformation be ID'd on rads?

Answer 25

1. atlantoccipital fusion 2. Dens hypoplasia 3. Axis malformation

Question 26

When is meconium usually passed, and at what point is lack of passage concerning?

Answer 26

usually passed in 1-4 hours, should pass by 12 hours old

Question 27

What kind of enema would you give a foal with a resistant meconium impaction?

Answer 27

Acetylcysteine

Question 28

How would you address a direct inguinal hernia?

Answer 28

Advise surgery

Question 29

"foal heat diarrhea" is associated with what normal event?

Answer 29

Coprophagy and passage of protoza

Question 30

Where is the stomach normally located in foals? How thick is it?

Answer 30

ICS 6-12, left ventral. 2 mm

Question 31

What are the appropriate thicknesses of the small intestine and colon, respectively, in the first week of life?

Answer 31

SI: < 2.5 mm Colon: < 2.8 mm

Question 32

In which situations is a barium enema under sedation appropriate?

Answer 32

intraluminal obstruction and atresia

Question 33

What is an abnormal nucleated cell count in foal peritoneal fluid (up to 4 mo old)?

Answer 33

1.5x10^9

Question 34

What findings on foal abdominocentesis support septic peritonitis?

Answer 34

pH < 7.2 elev Lactate > 2.7 mmol/L difference between serum and peritoneal glucose

Question 35

what is a normal HR for a newborn foal vs in the first week alive?

Answer 35

newborn: 36-80 bpm (vagal tone) 1-7 d: 80-100

Question 36

A foal is born with a cardiac arrhythmia. By what point in its life is this considered abnormal and worth investigating?

Answer 36

15 min - 2 hours

Question 37

At what point, or in what circumstances, is a cardiac murmur in a foal abnormal?

Answer 37

-ICS 3 machinery murmur (PDA) after 3-4 days old -Loud murmurs persisting 7+ days with clinical signs

Question 38

What is a normal mean arterial pressure for a foal < 7 d old

Answer 38

around 100 mmHg

Question 39

What is a normal resp rate in a newborn vs older neonate foal?

Answer 39

60 br/m at birth, decreases to 30 br/min

Question 40

What are some pulmonary causes of elevated RR?

Answer 40

meconium aspriation, bact/viral pneumonia, atelectasis via recumbency, congenital dz, rib fracture or dislocation, pleural effusion

Question 41

What are some extrapulmonary causes of hyperpnea?

Answer 41

fever, pain, excitement, exercise, brain disease, metabolic acidosis, idiopathic tachypnea syndrome

Question 42

what are 2 signs of impending respiratory failure?

Answer 42

paradoxical thoracic wall motion, expiratory grunt

Question 43

How long after collection is an arterial blood gas sample good?

Answer 43

90 minutes in airtight container

Question 44

What non pathological context can reduce arterial PaO2 by up to 30 mmHg?

Answer 44

Lateral recumbency

Question 45

What should supplemental oxygen be initially set to?

Answer 45

5 l/min

Question 46

What PaO2 value defines hypoxiemia?

Answer 46

< 70 mm Hg

Question 47

How long does it take for the kidneys to compensate for respiratory acidosis by reabsorbing bicarb?

Answer 47

6- 12 hours, maxes out at 4 days