Smoking

Question 1

Tobacco smoke contains…

Answer 1

4000 different chemicals, many of them toxic.

Question 2

Mainstream smoke is from…

Answer 2

the filter to the mouth end.

Question 3

Sidestream smoking from…

Answer 3

the burning tip, contains more toxic smoke than mainstream.

Question 4

Passive smoking is when a person is exposed to…

Answer 4

sidestream smoking.

Question 5

Main components of smoke:

Answer 5

• tar
• carbon monoxide
• nicotine

Question 6

Tar contains…

Answer 6

carcinogens. It settles on the lining of the airways and stimulates a series of changes that may lead to cancer.

Question 7

Signs are…

Answer 7

visible expression of a disease (e.g. high temperature)

Question 8

Symptoms cannot…

Answer 8

be visible and are reported by the patient (e.g. headache)

Question 9

COPD stands for…

Answer 9

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Question 10

In COPD chronic…

Answer 10

bronchitis and emphysema often occur together.

Question 11

COPD is rarely…

Answer 11

reversible, e.g. quit smoking when young.

Question 12

Chronic bronchitis causes…

Answer 12

severe cough and production of large quantities of phlegm.

Question 13

Phlegm is a mixture of…

Answer 13

mucus, bateria and leucocytes.

Question 14

Tar stimulates…

Answer 14

the goblet cells and mucous glands mucous glands to enlarge and secrete more mucus.

Question 15

Tar inhibits…

Answer 15

the cleaning action of the ciliated epithelium in airways.

Question 16

Tar destroys…

Answer 16

the cilia and weakness the sweeping action of the remaining

Question 17

During chronic bronchitis, mucus accumulates in…

Answer 17

bronchioles and the smallest become obstructed. The mucus is not moved, bacteria and dirt block the bronchioles. This stimulates a cough.

Question 18

Damaged tissue in the lungs is replaced by…

Answer 18

sear tissue. This means that bronchi become thicker and narrower, causing difficulties to breathe.

Question 19

During chronic bronchitis, infections easily…

Answer 19

develop in the mucus, the lining becomes inflamed, which narrows the airways even more.

Question 20

Emphysema happens when…

Answer 20

phagocytes leave the blood and line the airways.

Question 21

Phagocytes secrete…

Answer 21

enzyme elastase, which is used to reach the lining of the lungs.

Question 22

Elastase destroys…

Answer 22

elastin in the walls of alveoli, so they lose the ability to stretch and recoil. The bronchioles collapse.

Question 23

Emphysema causes a decrease in…

Answer 23

the surface area, so less efficient gas exchange.

Question 24

Lung cancer is caused by…

Answer 24

carcinogens reacting with DNA in epithelial cells. Results in mutation, uncontrolled division and growth of a malignant tumour.

Question 25

Lung cancer has minimal…

Answer 25

symptoms at the beginning.

Question 26

As cancer develops it spreads…

Answer 26

to other organs through the lymphatic system, forming secondary tumours.

Question 27

Symptoms of lung cancer:

Answer 27

• coughing up blood
• chest pain
• difficult to breath

Question 28

Nicotine is absorbed very…

Answer 28

readily by the blood and travels to the brain within seconds.

Question 29

Nicotine stimulates the nervous…

Answer 29

system to reduce the diameter of the arterioles and to release adrenaline from the adrenal glands.

Question 30

As a result of nicotine stimulation…

Answer 30

the heart rate and blood pressure increases and there is a decrease in blood supply to extremities of the body(hands and feet).

Question 31

Nicotine increases the risk of…

Answer 31

blood clotting.

Question 32

Nicotine stimulates nerve endings in…

Answer 32

the brain to release the transmitter substance dopamine, which is associated with reinforcing pleasurable experiences.

Question 33

Due to CO, less oxygen…

Answer 33

is supplied to the heart muscle, putting an extra strain, especially during exercise when the heart rate increases.

Question 34

CO can also damage the lining of…

Answer 34

arteries. This in long-term may result in a build-up of fatty tissue and the reduction of blood flow. Coronary heart disease and stroke may result.