so Flashcards
(21 cards)
What did the 1926 Hadow Report recommend?
Replacement of elementary schools with primary & secondary schools; raised school leaving age (ROSA); anti-technical education stance.
What educational model did the Norwood & Spens Reports support?
Tripartite system: grammar, technical, and secondary modern schools.
What change did the 1936 Education Act introduce?
Raised school leaving age to 15 (implementation delayed by WW2).
What did the Beveridge Report propose for National Insurance?
Rationalised, universal National Insurance; assistance based on need; aimed at eliminating poverty.
What did the Family Allowance Act 1945 introduce?
Universal benefit per child (taxable); 3 million families benefited by 1947.
What did the National Assistance Act 1948 do?
Abolished the Poor Law & Public Assistance Committees; centralized means-tested support.
What was the 1944 White Paper on Healthcare’s main idea?
Called for a free, comprehensive, state-run health service (basis of NHS).
What legislation created the NHS?
NHS Act 1946, implemented in 1948.
How was the NHS funded?
General taxation, not National Insurance as Beveridge originally suggested.
What were housing challenges after WW2?
200,000 homes destroyed; 250,000 uninhabitable; workforce dropped from 1m to 340,000.
What was the housing response post-WW2?
1.35 million council homes built (1945–51); 1 million more under Macmillan (1951–56).
What educational reforms were in the Butler Education Act 1944?
Tripartite system; 11+ exam; ROSA; compulsory religion; Ministry of Education.
What educational opportunities expanded post-WW2?
77,000 university students by 1948 (up from 50,000 in 1938); many ex-servicemen enrolled.
What was the impact of full employment on poverty?
Major poverty reduction; higher wages more effective than benefits.
What major benefit did the NHS provide?
Free, centralized, nationalized healthcare; largest employer in Europe by early 1950s.
How much did education spending grow by 1957?
Doubled; from 3.5% of GDP (pre-war) to 4.5% in 1947.
What was a major flaw of the 11+ exam system?
Reinforced class inequality; only 1 in 10 working-class children passed.
What happened to technical schools post-war?
Declined in number; underfunded; not prioritized in education policy.
Who benefited most from early NHS services?
Middle class; best doctors, private practice allowed, better access.
What did the Newsome Report (1963) highlight?
Massive waste of working-class talent due to unequal educational access.
What was the main limitation of Beveridge’s welfare vision?
Benefits were too low; National Assistance was means-tested despite his opposition.
