Soci 301-Lecture 4

Question 1

socialization

Answer 1

-lifelong process of becoming normal

Question 2

Why is socialization important?

Answer 2

-have to transfer babies into functioning adults

Question 3

primary socialization

Answer 3

-socialization that happens in the first 5 years

Question 4

instincts

Answer 4

-hard-wired behavioral responses to environmental stimulus

Question 5

Can normal development be accelerated?

Answer 5

-not greatly

Question 6

social learning theory

Answer 6

-learn gender through observation and interaction

Question 7

reinforcement

Answer 7

-rewarding or punishing specific behaviors

Question 8

modeling

Answer 8

-organism learns by observing and imitating

Question 9

cognitive development theory

Answer 9

-process is self-socialization

Question 10

gender constancy

Answer 10

-at age five or six years of age children become aware that their gender is permanent and unchanging

Question 11

gender schema theory

Answer 11

-schema to understand masculine and feminine

Question 12

schema

Answer 12

-active mental thinking structures

Question 13

identity construction theory

Answer 13

-gendered self is a lifelong activity

Question 14

What is the most important agent of socialization in all societies?

Answer 14

-the family

Question 15

List two of the four socialization agents in societies?

Answer 15

-the school, the peer group, the mass media, the workplace.

Question 16

relationship

Answer 16

-condition of being related

Question 17

proximity

Answer 17

-physical closeness between individuals

Question 18

What are the two proximity variables?

Answer 18

1) Institutional structures

2) Personal Characteristics

Question 19

institutional structures

Answer 19

-these structures make it easier or harder to meet

Question 20

personal characteristics

Answer 20

-influence choice of activities

Question 21

eligibility

Answer 21

-acceptable partners

Question 22

marriage squeeze

Answer 22

-men are older, better educated, better status or make more money

Question 23

What is the mate selection process?

Answer 23

-processing for selecting a partner

Question 24

dating

Answer 24

-process to provide experience to select a partner

Question 25

How long has “dating” been around?

Answer 25

-World War I

Question 26

What are some of the functions of dating?

Answer 26

-recreation; socialization; partner selection

Question 27

principle of least interest

Answer 27

-the person who is least interested has more power

Question 28

family

Answer 28

-location and connection

Question 29

household

Answer 29

-people are living together, but they are not related

Question 30

key function of the family

Answer 30

-a small kinship-structured group that nurtures and socializes the young

Question 31

nuclear family

Answer 31

-parent(s) and their dependent children

Question 32

extended family

Answer 32

-any family that is not nuclear family

Question 33

How common are extended families?

Answer 33

-90% of the world’s cultures

Question 34

marriage

Answer 34

-some form of legal or social connection between people that involves rights and sexual activity

Question 35

cohabitation

Answer 35

-couple’s living together without being legally married

Question 36

What are the three norms relating to marriage?

Answer 36

- religious (sacred); social; individual

Question 37

sacred norm (marriage)

Answer 37

-institution that's sacred says you are married

Question 38

social norm (marriage)

Answer 38

-married when the state says you are married

Question 39

individual norm (marriage)

Answer 39

married when you feel you are married

Question 40

What are Edmund Leach’s different kinds of rights (5) allocated by marriage?

Answer 40

1. marriage can establish the legal father of a woman’s children and the legal mother of a man’s 2. marriage can give either or both spouses a monopoly in the sexuality of the other 3. marriage can give either or both spouses rights to the labor of the other 4. marriage can give either or both spouses rights over the other’s property 5. marriage can establish a socially significant “relationship of affinity” between spouses and their relatives

Question 41

What are the four marital structures?

Answer 41

- owner-property - head-complement - senior partner/junior partner - equal partners

Question 42

polygamy

Answer 42

-having more than one spouse at a time

Question 43

polygyny

Answer 43

-several wives share a husband

Question 44

polyandry

Answer 44

-several husbands share a wife

Question 45

sororate marriage

Answer 45

- widower marrying one of his deceased wife’s sisters

Question 46

levirate marriage

Answer 46

-widow marrying one of her deceased husband’s brothers

Question 47

total fertility rate

Answer 47

-average number of children born while a woman is able to conceive (between the ages of 15 and 49)

Question 48

divorce

Answer 48

-legal dissolution of a marriage

Question 49

divorce rates

Answer 49

-significant upward trend

Question 50

common-law union

Answer 50

-legally married-like

Question 51

two other alternates to a nuclear family

Answer 51

-step family; blended family

Question 52

step family

Answer 52

-one spouse brings in a child

Question 53

blended family

Answer 53

-both spouses bring in children

Question 54

Is a sexual division of labor a rare idea?

Answer 54

- no, been found in many societies

Question 55

Can the sexual division of labor be explained simply because of male strength, expendability, or female reproductive biology?

Answer 55

- no, there is more going on | - social factors are involved

Question 56

compatibility-with-child-care theory

Answer 56

-because women can make babies, their biology ties them to all the nurture things associated with child care

Question 57

economy-of-effort theory

Answer 57

-because she is making babies, doing child care, tasks at home become women's work

Question 58

strength theory

Answer 58

-because boys are bigger and stronger society gives strength based tasks to boys

Question 59

expendability theory

Answer 59

-only need one man to make babies so other men are expendable

Question 60

flexible/integrated pattern

Answer 60

-boys and girls do a third of work separately, the other third they can both do.

Question 61

balanced complementarity approach

Answer 61

-There is boy stuff and girl stuff but no prestige

Question 62

the sexually segregated pattern

Answer 62

-work is rigidly defined

Question 63

kin

Answer 63

-people are related, but not living together

Question 64

key function of the family

Answer 64

-making and raising babies