SOCI 371 Final

Question 1

Who is Garry Bunt what did he study?

Answer 1

The connection between religion and cyberspace requires some forms of synthesis of various forms of the religious studies

Question 2

When did digital study first emerge?

Answer 2

Alongside the studies of the internet, often called cyberspace in the 1990s and early 2000s

Question 3

How does Campbell define digital religion

Answer 3

As a framework for articulating the evolution of religious practices online which are linked to online and offline contexts simultaneously
- The blending and integration of online ad offline religious sphere

Question 4

What are the dimensions of focus?

Answer 4

Agency: whether or not it is transformative
Theoretical perspectives
Prognosis: what’s next?

Question 5

Describe positive agency and give an example

Answer 5

Digitization of religion makes the expansion of religious activities possible
- accessibility of religions
-diversity and inclusivity
Example: Proliferation of online spiritualities and televangelisms

Question 6

What are the negative agencies

Answer 6

Cynicism- Garr Bunt thought that religion in the cyberspace could be problematic because the motive for making religious material on the web varies considerably

Question 7

What is the Mediazation Theory

Answer 7

• The main focus is the long term relationship between religion and media is directly implicative for cultural orientations
• Relies on the assumption that meanings are transferred through acts of receiving, consuming and interpreting

Question 8

What is the third space

Answer 8

The media provides the platform through which people unpack religious beliefs and values (settings that go between offline and online)

Question 9

What is Hypermediated Religious Spaces

Answer 9

According to Evolvi it is the intensification of practices in the cyber space

Question 10

Religious social shaping technology

Answer 10

This theory was the works of Campbell
The main idea of this theory is that the performance of religion in the cyberspace is largely influenced by social interactions and not vice versa- technologies are negotiated in groups

Question 11

What does the RSST bend towards and what are the four principles?

Answer 11

The theory negates technological determinism, it bends towards social determinism with these principles
1. tradition and history of a religious community
2. communal value and principles
3. Acceptance, rejection, and innovation of technology by a group
4. Discourse regarding the use of technology

Question 12

What time period was there a monolithic view of religion in the country

Answer 12

Prior to 1960’s

Question 13

How did colonial powers thrive

Answer 13

Through a system of conversion (religious conversion inclusive)

Question 14

How many people identified as Christians in 1971 compared to 2021

Answer 14

1971 90% of people identified as Christians
2021 53.3% of people identified as Christian

Question 15

Why has the belief in God decreased in modern society?

Answer 15

The impact of religion in a contemporary Canada has reduced partly because of a push towards multiculturalism and partly due to the Quite Revolution in Quebec

Question 16

What made the shift to secularism?

Answer 16

The division between the Catholics and the Protestants

Question 17

Define Secularization

Answer 17

Primarily stimulated by the Quite Revolution of the 1960’s, a shift away from supposed anachronistic traditionalism meant declining of mainstream religion. Thus, religion was no longer tenable factor for negotiating public discussions- privatization of religion

Question 18

Define Revitalization

Answer 18

Traditional religions are optimistic about the probability of their comebacks
- Due partly to continued role of religion in the lives of many Canadians

Question 19

Define Polarization

Answer 19

This is a term Billy used to portray the prevailing demographic pluralism in which people across different faiths, generations, cultures, and those who do not believe in religion, coexist in Canada

Question 20

Did religion diversity in Canada predate colonialism?

Answer 20

yes

Question 21

What is globalization according to Robertson

Answer 21

Roland Robertson described globalization as a multi-dimensional process the process being cultural, the social, the political

Question 22

What is globalization from a critical lens

Answer 22

Jean Baudrillard sees globalization as closely linked to the creation of simulated realities, where these hyper-realities become more and more significant then actual reality itself

Question 23

What does globalization fuse

Answer 23

globalization is a multi-layered and radical process of blurring borderlines by fusing
- culture
- trades
- practices
- etc

Question 24

How does religion and globalization work together

Answer 24

While religion is a pervasive concept, globalization makes it more accessible

Question 25

What enhances religious syncretism

Answer 25

Globalization trends

Question 26

Define Fundamentalism

Answer 26

Refers to a belief, a movement, or an agitation for a return to foundational truth embedded in basic religious text

Question 27

What does fundamentalism contradict with

Answer 27

Liberal ideology or modernity

Question 28

According to Anson when did fundamentalism become popular

Answer 28

In 1910 after the publication of a series by two brothers who were businessmen- the Fundamentals - the purpose was to promote biblical inerrancy

Question 29

What do post modernist believe the rise the fundamentalism was due to

Answer 29

1. a response to secularization especially a perceived decline of morality 2. a response to social change (gender equality) Their aim to re-affirm the true religion 3. a response to globalization, especially the increasing influence of consumerism whose decadence is seen by some members of less developed societies as a threat to their faith and identity

Question 30

What are the characteristics of fundamentalism

Answer 30

1) Infallible interpretation of religious texts and theology literally and selectively. 2) Aversion towards modern science. 3) Rejection of religious pluralism and intolerance of other religions. -Monotheism. 4) Patriarchal control is regarded as the norm. 5) Traditional and conservative is favoured at the expense of the modern and liberal which are interpreted as morally corrupt 6) Probable world hegemony

Question 31

What became established that broadened fundamentalism

Answer 31

The establishment of the Muslim brotherhood in Egypt in the late 1920s, then spread to Syria and Lebanon

Question 32

What do Islamic fundamentalism favours

Answer 32

The marriage of faith, state, and patriarchy such that policies and social events reflect a "pan-Islam that must be proselytized abroad in order to create an ideal ummah

Question 33

What are the cases of fundamentalist push pull forces

Answer 33

- Hinduist Fundamentalism - Sikhist fundamentalisms - Buddhist fundamentalism

Question 34

How is globalization of fundamentalism a reversal process?

Answer 34

Aims at undoing the supposed ills of occidental civilization by - resisting institutional differentiation - Nationalist rebirth

Question 35

How does fundamentalism view science

Answer 35

That science is not bad but must be used in accordance with traditional religious terms - therefor they don't reject but they are selective with the science they agree with and its soley on their terms

Question 36

What are religious fundamentalist were driven to seek

Answer 36

to maintain a majoritarian position even at the price eliminating other small pluralities

Question 37

How can violence be used in fundamentalism

Answer 37

As a tool of consolidation in the name of reinstating a sacred regime under such conditions like the Taliban is extremist functionalist

Question 38

Define exclusion

Answer 38

sticking with strongly held traditional beliefs and othering non complaint canadian

Question 39

Define assimilation

Answer 39

Rather than flagrantly rejecting people, they are enjoined to fit into the dominant religious status quo

Question 40

Define Pluralism

Answer 40

This model suggests that all and sundry are not only welcomed but are also free to express their religious beliefs

Question 41

According to the guest lecture, how does the adoption of the new media technologies by religious leaders translates to the performance of religion online?

Answer 41

enhancing traditional hierarchies

Question 42

What does the "Bushirified" identity represent in the context of online religious communities

Answer 42

Expression of disagreement(dissent) towards authorities figure who are unsupportive of there religious figures

Question 43

How does fundamentalism realign society theologically

Answer 43

Reclaiming and proclaiming authority over sacred affairs

Question 44

What does the Kantian philosophy in Canada promote?

Answer 44

The idea that moral living is the core essence of true religion

Question 45

What country hosts some of the biggest denominations in the world?

Answer 45

Nigeria

Question 46

Why is Nigeria considered the most Pentecostal country

Answer 46

precarious economic situations of the country or a result of the political instability

Question 47

What is one of the major forms of Pentecostal political activism in Nigeria

Answer 47

Christian students social movement of Nigeria

Question 48

How does the Bushiri reinforce his religious authority

Answer 48

Bushiri in his appropriation Facebook reinforces his authority in creative ways. He uses "i" when discussing what God tells him to reinforce traditional hierarchies