Social behavior

Question 1

Cultural influences on person perception

Answer 1

• process of forming impressions of others, many similarities
  – judgement of appearance and attractiveness
  – personality traits
  – recognizing others
• cultural differences
• role of media exposure

Question 2

Facial recognition

Answer 2

• social bonds
• same-race bias
• result of: attitudes, contact/experience, task set-up

Question 3

Same-race bias

Answer 3

People recognize individuals of their own race better than the individuals of another race

Question 4

Ingroups

Answer 4

Individuals with a history of shared experiences and anticipatory future
–> produce a sense of intimacy, familiarity, and trust

Question 5

Outgroups

Answer 5

People who lack ingroup qualities
–> perceptions of outgroups is associated with infrahumanization

Question 6

Group entitativity

Answer 6

Perception of groups as real entities and not collections of individuals

Question 7

Characteristics in individualistic cultures

Answer 7

1. people have more ingroups
2. people are not as attached to any single ingroup because there are numerous ingroups to which they can be attached
3. survival of the individuals and the society is more dependent on the successful and effective functioning of individuals rather than groups
4. people make relatively fewer distinctions between ingroups and outgroups

Question 8

Characteristics in collectivistic cultures

Answer 8

1. people have fewer ingroups
2. people are very attached to ingroups to which they belong
3. survival of the individuals and the society is more dependent on the succesful and effective functioning of the groups rather than individuals
4. people make greater distinctions between ingroup and outgroup others

Question 9

Origins of ingroup favoritism

Answer 9

• ingroup favoritism co-evolved along with the emergence of cultures: highest in countries with demanding climates and lowe income and lowest in countries with demanding climates and high income
• types: patriotism, nepotism and familism: relate to both climate and resources
• group formation can occur on initially meaningless markers

Question 10

Stereotypes

Answer 10

Generalized images people have about others that can either be positive or negative
- genuine differenes masked by stereotyped similarities
- genuine similarities masked by stereotypes differences

Question 11

Autostereotypes

Answer 11

Stereotypes about one’s own group

Question 12

Heterostereotypes

Answer 12

Stereotypes about other groups

Question 13

Origin of stereotypes

Answer 13

• products of selective attention, attribution, concept formation, and memory
• occur due to the categorization of concepts by people
• stereotypes can change depending on major events

Question 14

Content of stereotypes

Answer 14

• people in all cultures have stereotypes of others
• cultural differences in stereotypes
• applying stereotypes uniformly without recognizing individual differences within a cultural or ethnic group can be dangerous
  –> collective threat

Question 15

Collective threat

Answer 15

Fear that an ingroup member’s behavior can reinforce negative stereotypes about one’s group
–> lower performance, self-stereotyping, etc.

Question 16

Stereotypes content model

Answer 16

• warmth/competence
• universal
• bias/discrimination
• numerous moderators

Question 17

competence

Answer 17

• confident, independent, competitive, intelligent
• intelligent, efficient, skillfull, capable

Question 18

Warmth

Answer 18

• tolerent, good natured, hones, sincere, thrustworthy
• kind, friendly, warm, likable, helpful

Question 19

Morality

Answer 19

• sincere, hones tighteous, trustworthy, respectful

Question 20

Assessment of stereotypes

Answer 20

Participants were instructed to make the rating, using 5-point scales, on the basis of how the groups are viewed by Amrican society. they read, ‘we are not interested in your personal beliefs, but how you think they are viewed by others’
- competent, confident, independent, competitive, intelligent
- tolerant, wamr, good natured, sincere, honest, trustworthy

Question 21

Stereotypes and discrimination

Answer 21

Discourse: social disadvantages = individual shortcomings
Stereotype expression is difficult recognize/perceive as discriminatory

Question 22

Ethnocentrism

Answer 22

Viewing the world through one’s own cultural filters, with own group at the top

Question 23

Prejudice

Answer 23

Tendency to prejudge others on the basis of their group membership
- includes cognitive and affective components
- explicit: verbalized and made public
- implicit: prejudicial attitudes, values, or beliefs that are unspoken and outside conscious awareness

Question 24

Factors that contribute to the universality of ethnocentrism and prejudice

Answer 24

• Kinship sentiment and social and cultural factors
• competition betweeen groups
• authoritatian personality

Question 25

Discimination

Answer 25

Unfair treatment of others based on their group membership - prejudice is thinking/feeling, discrimination is doing

Question 26

Institutional discimination

Answer 26

Occurs on the level of a larger group, society, organization, or institution - can exist in explicit norms of an organization

Question 27

Systemic inequalities

Answer 27

- history - voter registration (driver's licenses, business hours) - school access/ school budgets - differential treatment at the job market

Question 28

Microagressions

Answer 28

Verbal, behavioral, or even environmental negativity that is based on one's ethnic, racial, or other demographic identification

Question 29

Hypersensitivity hypothesis

Answer 29

More alert to microagressions Result: ethnic minorities reported experiencing more microagressions than ethnic majorities did --> ethnic majorities responded to microagressions in ways that were indistinguisable from the responses of ethnic minorities

Question 30

Systemic inequalities regarding research on race

Answer 30

- publications are rare - most publications edited by White editors - many publications written by White authors

Question 31

Shooter bias

Answer 31

Meta-analysis on 42 studies - participants shot more quickly at armed black targets than armed white targets - slower to not shoor unarmed black targets (than unarmed white targets) - had a more liberal shooting treshold for black targets than white targets

Question 32

The flipside of reducing prejudice

Answer 32

The racial and ethnic isolation of whites at the zip-code level is one of the strongest predictors of Trump support

Question 33

Inter-group contact

Answer 33

Allport's contact hypothesis - equal status - common goals - intergroup cooperation - support of authorities, law or customs - personal interaction Evidence - African Americans - Muslims - LGBT individuals

Question 34

Implicit bias training

Answer 34

- evidence-based implicit bias training - NYPD mandatory implicit bias training implementen in 2018

Question 35

Combating intergroup biases

Answer 35

- open blatant discrimination vs. unconscious processes - individual processes - group processes

Question 36

Individual processes in combating intergroup biases

Answer 36

- education, stereotype disconfirming information - perspective taking/ empathy - awareness, checking beliefs, making inconsistencies apparent

Question 37

Group processes in combating intergroup biases

Answer 37

- intergroup contact --> increase interdependence between members of different groups - social categorization and identity --> increase interdependence between mebers of different groups - social categorization and identity --> decategorization: individuate out-group members en recategorization: common superordinate in-group

Question 38

Interventions to reduce prejudice

Answer 38

- extenden/imagined contact - cognitive/emotional regulation - social categorization

Question 39

Cognitive and emotional regulation in reducing prejudice

Answer 39

- Cogn. Conditioning (approach, if-then preparation) - Emotions (mindfulness, explicit effort to direct positive emotions) - Perspective taking (essay, age suits)

Question 40

Social categorization in reducing prejudice

Answer 40

Recategorize to change negative outgroup stereotypes and homogeneity

Question 41

Landmark studies

Answer 41

Lowe (2020) Indian cricket league: interaction lowered prejudice, adversarial interaction mixed/negative effects Mousa (2020) Christian/Muslim soccer: attitudes remained, behavior less prejudiced Scacco & Warren’s (2018) Nigerian Christian and Muslim students in a computer class: attitudes remained but reduction of discriminatory behavior Munger (2017) Twitter study + Sanctioning; randomly assigned Twitter bots to reproach male users who publicly and repeatedly used the N-word slur to harass other users >> sanctioning from an in-group user with a high (not low) number of followers led to an immediate average reduction