Social Class And Education

Question 1

What does Howard say about material deprivation?

Answer 1

Pupils from poorer homes have lower energy and nutritional intake
- weak immune systems leads to absences
- low energy levels in class

Question 2

What does tanner say about material deprivation?

Answer 2

Poorer students dont have enough money for resources in school such as uniforms, books or computers

Question 3

What does flaherty say about material deprivation?

Answer 3

Students have a fear of stigma means that students will not take free school meals and various other kind of help because they are afraid of being teased by others

Question 4

Critiques of Howard’s views on material deprivation

Answer 4

There are policies put in place such as pupil premium and free school meals to prevent this
Additionally soup kitchens

Question 5

Critique of tanners views on material deprivation

Answer 5

Policies have been put in place to prevent this such as pupil premium and some schools do give away old things for free to some students

Question 6

Critique of Flahertys views on material deprivation

Answer 6

Overlooks that there are other reasons for not claiming these benefits such as hard access or family beliefs

Question 7

What does ridge believe about material deprivation?

Answer 7

Working class pupils take part time work
- they then dont have as much time to do homework and revise
- they end up falling behind

Question 8

Critique of ridges belief on material deprivation

Answer 8

This view doesnt consider that working class pupils are able to manage their time well or are able to get support from school so doesnt really apply to all

Question 9

What do Callander and Jackson believe about material deprivation?

Answer 9

• working class pupils are afraid of debt and are therefore put off university because of the current tuition loan system
• w/c pupils are more likely to work part time during uni and are more likely to drop out

Question 10

Critique of callendar and Jackson’s views on material deprivation

Answer 10

Doesn’t consider that lots of working class students choose university so they are able to break the cycle and have a better job in the future despite the debt

Question 11

What is bordieus view on cultural capital?

Answer 11

Capital=currency
- cultural capital- helps you to know thing and potentially get better grades
- economic capital- money can get you better education
- social capital- helps you understand famous perspectives

Question 12

What does Sullivan believe about cultural capital?

Answer 12

• Sullivan gave out a questionnaire to ask about culture to test cultural capital
• questioned habits such as reading and tv
• lots of correlation between cultural capital, middle class parents and having money to buy resources so it became hard to distinguish

Question 13

Critique of the idea of cultural capital

Answer 13

Only rich people are able to afford to be educated about these things e.g. going to the opera
Other types of culture are ignored people just decided what rich people know

Question 14

What does Bernstein believe about cultural deprivation?

Answer 14

Working class pupils are more likely to use restricted code and middle class are more likely to use elaborate code which can affect w/c education
- teachers label them as not as smart
- using restricted code in exams will give them lower grades

Question 15

Critique of Bernstein’s view on cultural deprivation

Answer 15

Assumes that all middle class individuals speak in elaborated code. Bernstein fails to recognise the diversity of speech

Question 16

What does Feinstein believe about cultural deprivation?

Answer 16

-working class parents are less likely to be highly educated
- students of highly educated parents have better outcomes

Question 17

Critique of feinsteins view on cultural deprivation

Answer 17

People do not always adopt the values of their parents and are able to have their own values

Question 18

What does douglas believe about cultural deprivation?

Answer 18

Working class parents are less likely to value education which can lead to w/c children staying w/c class as they are influenced by their parent and wont try as hard in school

Question 19

Critique of douglas’ view on cultural deprivation

Answer 19

Children do not always adopt the values and beliefs of their parent and lots or likely to break they cycle

Question 20

What does sugarman believe about cultural deprivation?

Answer 20

He believes that working class subcultures are passed through primary socialisation
Fatalism
Collectivism
Immediate gratification
Present time orientation

Question 21

Critique of sugarmans view on cultural deprivation

Answer 21

This view is too fixed because it assumed all working class familes teach these values, ignoring individual difference and changing social conditions

Question 22

What does keddie believe about cultural deprivation?

Answer 22

Keddie argues that what causes lower educational achievement in the w/c is material deprivation
The education system is being structured on middle class values

Question 23

Critique of keddies view on cultural deprivation

Answer 23

It is a one sided view and it’s focuses on class bias in schools but downplays how home life or personal motivation can also affect achievement

Question 24

What is beckers idea of labelling in education?

Answer 24

• conducted interviews with 60 high school teachers
• found that they judge their pupils on their work, conducts and appearance to identify the ‘ideal pupil’
• middle class pupils were typically closer to that concept which w/c were further away

Question 25

Critique of beckers idea of labelling

Answer 25

Not everyone is susceptible to labelling **fuller**- people are able to ignore and overcome labels

Question 26

What is hempel jorgensons idea of labelling in education

Answer 26

- ideas of the ‘ideal pupil’ differed in middle class and working class schools - this is because in middle class schools discipline was not a major problem and in working class schools it was

Question 27

Critique of hempel jorgensons idea of labelling in education

Answer 27

Assumes all working class and middle class schools are the same, it ignores the differences between individual schools and teachers

Question 28

What is Rists idea of labelling in education?

Answer 28

In the 1970s Rist did a study of one American kindergarten teacher who separated her students into tigers and clowns Tigers- confident, middle class, well kempt Clown- low level reading,working class

Question 29

Critique of rists idea of labelling in education

Answer 29

This is a singular case study and is not generalisable - different teachers will put their students into different categories

Question 30

What is fullers idea of labelling in education?

Answer 30

Study of year 11 working class black girls in London They channelled their anger at being labelled into educational success This shows pupils can succeed without conforming Negative labels do not always lead to failure

Question 31

Critique of fullers idea of labelling in education

Answer 31

This view may be too positive because its based on a small group and doesnt show how most students respond to negative labels

Question 32

What is rosenthals and jacobsons idea of labelling in education?

Answer 32

Study- gave students a test to fill out - told teachers that a handful of students will ‘bloom’ - teachers and students had no idea - test was re done a year later -50% of bloomers did a lot better than the others

Question 33

Critique of rosenthals and jacobsons ideas of labelling in education

Answer 33

- no consent was given so unethical - could mess up their grades in the future - not a very valid experiment as only 50% of bloomers had increased grades

Question 34

What is Gillborn and Youdells idea of streaming in education?

Answer 34

-A-C economy - teachers focus on higher grade students lead to them getting even better grads - ignoring failing students because they are ‘hopeless’ - working class students tend to go into bottom sets so are immediately set up to fail

Question 35

Critique of Gillborn and Youdells ideas of streaming in education

Answer 35

This assumes that all schools and teachers prioritise grades over pupils development

Question 36

What is Douglas’ idea of streaming in education?

Answer 36

- those in bottom set at age 8 suffered a decline in their IQ by age 11 and those in top set had an increase - working class students are more likely to be put in bottom sets

Question 37

Critique of Douglas’ idea of streaming in education

Answer 37

This view is too simplistic because it ignores factors like teacher expectations and individual afford that can also influence academic progress

Question 38

What is streaming?

Answer 38

When students are split up and categorised into sets

Question 39

What is balls idea of streaming in education?

Answer 39

Believes we should abolish streaming because it creates inequalities This could then reduce polarisation, subcultures and differentiation

Question 40

Critique of balls idea of streaming in education

Answer 40

This could cause more inequality as lower grade students are now humiliated around others

Question 41

What is Lacey’s idea of pupil subcultures in education?

Answer 41

Polarisation happens (two categories becoming further apart) - this is typical in politics (parties) - differentiation- teachers categorising students through labelling - polarisation in education is the result fo the ideal vs non ideal pupil or anti school vs pro-school

Question 42

Critique of Lacey’s idea of pupil subcultures in education

Answer 42

**Wood**- people adapt to circumstances There is always a middle ground, not just ideal and non ideal pupil.

Question 43

What is Willis’ idea of pupil subcultures in education

Answer 43

-working class students give up which creates an anti school subculture - labelling na treatment of w/c students could cause the formation of anti school subculture

Question 44

Critique of Willis’ idea of pupil subcultures in education

Answer 44

This overlooks how some individuals are able to break the cycle through alternative opportunities or social mobility

Question 45

What is Woods idea of pupil subcultures in education

Answer 45

- polarisation doesnt always happen, pupils don’t immediately join anti school subcultures they adapt Ingratiation (becoming more likeable) Ritualism (growing into routines) Retreating ( becoming passive, daydreaming) Rebellion ( actively going against the system)

Question 46

Critique of Woods idea of pupil subcultures in education

Answer 46

**Marxists**- labelling ignores the effects of capitalism **Functionalists, Parsons**- education is meritocratic, relies on the student

Question 47

What is archers idea of pupil class identities?

Answer 47

W/c pupils created their own identities such as Nike identities as many pupils were looking down on them This caused them to create thei own class identity and self worth by investing in styles especially by wearing branded clothes

Question 48

Critique of archers idea of pupil class identities

Answer 48

Not everyone feels discouraged by not fitting in and will still end up going to university Class is subjective, their working class background wont be erased by trying to fit in or conform

Question 49

What is bordieus idea of pupil class identities

Answer 49

Habitus can be held by an institution When someone’s habitus doesnt match and institutions they might feel isolated However, some students may attend an institution that provides **symbolic capital** Bordieu says that the ruling class normalises their position in society and make inequality seem normal which is **symbolic violence**

Question 50

Critique of bordieus pupil class identities

Answer 50

Not all working class students will feel discouraged by not having enough symbolic capital or their habitus not aligning

Question 51

What is elaborate code?

Answer 51

People expanding on what they’re saying when the arent asked, speaking with more professional language

Question 52

What is restricted code?

Answer 52

Saying the shortest possible thing that is still referring to the subject E.g. using abbreviations

Question 53

What is fatalism?

Answer 53

Working class people wont do as well because of their belief in fate- wont try as hard

Question 54

What is collectivism?

Answer 54

Values of the group are picked over the values of the individual

Question 55

What is immediate gratification?

Answer 55

People want the reward now than working harder to get a bigger reward in the future

Question 56

What is present time orientation?

Answer 56

Focusing on what is happening now that what will happen in the future

Question 57

What is habitus?

Answer 57

Learned way of thinking, being acting. Including taste, lifestyle, consumption, outlook and expectations This is often formed in response to class structure