Social Cultural History Flashcards
(23 cards)
Who was Marcus Garvey and when did he arrive in the USA?
Jamaican-born Black nationalist who arrived in the US on 23rd March 1916 and toured the country.
What was the UNIA and why was it significant
The Universal Negro Improvement Association, founded by Garvey in 1917, promoted Black pride and nationalism. By 1919 it had over 2 million members and 30 branches.
What did Garvey believe about Black integration in America?
He doubted whites would ever treat African Americans equally and argued for separation, not integration.
What was the ‘Back-to-Africa’ movement?
Garvey’s idea that African Americans should either create a new state or return to Africa.
What was Garvey’s position on European colonialism?
He supported decolonisation and freeing African states from European rule.
What military initiative did Garvey propose?
He tried to form an army to fight for African American rights and spoke to the KKK about repatriation.
What role did Garvey claim in Africa at a 1920 UNIA conference?
He was elected “Provisional President of Africa.”
What businesses did Garvey launch?
Black Cross Navigation and Trading Company (1919)
• Negro Corporations Company
• Black Star Line (shipping)
What happened to Garvey’s business ventures?
Despite initial support and purchasing ships, they failed due to financial issues and accusations of fraud.
Why was Marcus Garvey arrested?
In 1922, the FBI targeted him; he was imprisoned in 1925 for mail fraud related to the Black Star Line.
What happened after Garvey’s imprisonment?
President Coolidge commuted his sentence, and he was deported to Jamaica in 1927.
How many African Americans migrated north during WW1?
Around 500,000 between 1914 and 1918, with major increases in cities like Chicago and Detroit.
What challenges did African Americans face despite migrating north?
Continued discrimination, low pay, and race riots (e.g., East St. Louis 1917, where 39 were killed).
What role did African Americans play in the military during WW1?
Over 360,000 enlisted; 200,000 served abroad, mostly in segregated labor units.
How did African Americans show patriotism during WW1?
By volunteering for service and supporting the war; Black organisations backed the war by July 1918.
What suppression did African Americans face during WW1?
The FBI investigated pro-German sentiments among African Americans; Black Press was monitored.
What was the impact of the Black Press during WW1?
Around 200 publications, including The Crisis, which grew from 41,000 to 74,000 circulation.
What was NAWSA and who was its first president?
National American Woman Suffrage Association, founded in 1890. Elizabeth Cady Stanton was first president.
How did WW1 impact the campaign for women’s suffrage?
Women’s war contributions increased support for suffrage, helping pass the 19th Amendment (ratified 1919, effective 1920).
Who was Alice Paul and what was the National Woman’s Party?
A radical suffragette who split from NAWSA in 1916. The NWP used protests, hunger strikes, and civil disobedience.
What helped fuel the Prohibition movement before WW1?
Rising support from rural America, WCTU, and Anti-Saloon League. By 1917, 26 states had Dry laws.
How did WW1 help the Prohibition cause?
Anti-German sentiment (many brewers were German), patriotism, and war discipline strengthened the movement.
What was the 18th Amendment and when was it passed?
Banned alcohol production/sale. Ratified in Jan 1919; became law in Jan 1920. Supported by the Volstead Act.
