Tectonic Landscapes And Hazards Flashcards

Question

What makes an area vulnerable to hazards and how can it be reduced?

Answer 1

-threat to people created by earthquakes depend on a number of people- strength of magnitude -number of people who may be affected -vulnerability of people affected by the event- young, homeless, elderly and poor are more at risk -to reduce vulnerability organisations need to -reduce impact of hazard- monitoring, mapping, planning, predicting and preventing -educating to cope with hazards- create a disaster plan, coordinate emergency services, educate citizens on what to do before, during and after -tackle the root cause of vulnerability- government need to reduce poverty and inequality so everyone has same level of protection

Answer 2

-homes destroyed -people killed or injured -water supplies contaminated- pipes burst -gas pipes leaked causing fires -transport disrupted as rubble on train tracks -services (school, libraries) closed, destroyed or disrupted -long term- people have to be rehoused and diseases like cholera may be spreading

Answer 3

-shops and businesses destroyed- jobs lost -transport and communications disrupted meaning trade isn’t easy -tourism may be lost due to fear -cost of rebuilding and insurance costs -long term- cost of rebuilding, insurance claims and debt if country is poor

Answer 4

-population density- greater the density, more vulnerable a population as there more chance of death from buildings collapsing -education- educated people are able to plan for survival, elderly and children protected by government, in LICs there is no planning and poor are vunervakle due to lack of education -level of development- richer a country more moneys can’t be spent on hazard management like scientific predicting and building technology -island nations- they may be cut out from countries and immediate help, could take days to reach country, if airports, ports or roads damaged could be hard to get to, in LICs no government emergency coordination but in HICs they’re more self sufficient and have plans in place for recovery -multiple hazard locations- these places experience many natural hazards, country will be in dept from spending money recovering from other hazards, so no money for hazard management and educating locals -closeness to plate margin- countries nearer to margins are more at risk of damage from earthquakes and volcanoes -government stability- stable governments focus on the wellfare of their people, management, education and monitoring of hazards are good, emergency procedures are in place to reduce panic, trade injured and speed up recovery

Answer 5

-powerful ocean waves caused by earthquakes at destructive boundaries -The release of energy displace the ocean bed and creates a column of water that is forced upwards -Waves are created that travel long distances across oceans -As they approach shallower water near the coast, the wave built up to great height -On 26th of December 2004 an earthquake of the West Coast of Sumatra triggered a tsunami 30 m high killed over 200,000 people and left 2 million people homeless

Answer 6

-no -eruption in 2010 -It is a HIC with developed technology and the availability to monitor earthquake activity, gas emissions and changes in the temperature and shape of the land -The government acted quickly to evacuate (800) and text message and news report inform people of the event preparing them for eruption -Glacier melt was predicted on the pathway are created to enable floodwater to travel safety towards the sea -Ash forecasting allowed the Icelanders to wear face masks to prevent breathing difficulties-despite it being an island nation as a HIC and part of the EU well in boat networks enabled the transportation of food goods into the country -Insured that the year traveller in Icelandic farmers were insured against damage inconvenience

Answer 7

-yes -its an LIC -most buildings are self built on marginal land and aren’t EQ proof -earthquake education is poor- no emergency procedures in place -overcrowded capital -EQ was a day time event where people were at work, school etc -many people without food water and medical kits -multiple hazard location- hurricanes, EQ etc -country is in dept from spending money on other hazards -no money for 3 ps -island nation that is isolated after event as communications and transport down- slow help response

Answer 8

-island in the Caribbean -population of 9 million -Life expectancy 60 years -Literacy rate 48% -3 million live in Port-au-Prince the capital -Poorest country in the West hemisphere -Most corrupt government in the world -66% of the population live on less than £1 a day -haiti lies on a conservative margin -Movement of the North American and Caribbean plate and a buildup of pressure over many years cause the earthquake on the 12th of January 2010 which measures 7 on the Richter scale -Epicentre was 25 km from the capital -there were many after-shocks

Answer 9

-220,000 deaths -1.3 million homeless -Dead bodies with many buried in mass graves , which is a health hazard -Hospitals collapsed -Increase in crime

Answer 10

-1100 makeshift accommodations were made for homeless -Diseases due to poor sanitation by November 2010 they were outbreaks of cholera

Answer 11

-commercial building collapse so jobs and trade couldn’t continue -airport and ports were damage making it difficult access areas for relief effort and search and rescue -Roads were blocked by debris -Government building was also destroyed making it difficult to coordinate relief efforts -Services like electricity water sanitation were badly disrupted or destroyed -Houses destroyed and damage about 100,000 homes were destroyed and 200,000 were damaged in Porto prints and the surrounding area

Answer 12

-19,000,000 m³ of rubble and debris created a huge job to clear up -There were frequent power cuts for over a year and insurance claims were high -Transport and communication was disrupted meaning trade and long-term reconstruction was difficult -cost of rebuilding the damage was about $11.5 billion -Tourist industry declined due to fear -People losing jobs- 1 in 5 people lost their job

Answer 13

-Government was unprepared and had no emergency plans in place -There was a worldwide appeal for help relying on both international aid and NGO for assistance in the form of food, water, medical supplies, search and rescue teams and shelter -Search and rescue teams took three days to get to Haiti -the UN sent 10,000 troops to maintain law and order -United Nations pledge $10 billion and they also provided food for 2 million people and they rebuilt the port -The world bank donated some money to rebuild roads, improve the airport and repair buildings -years on companies like Oxfam and water aid have provided sanitation and water pumps for 1.7 million people

Answer 14

-Eyjafjallajokull is a structural volcano in southern Iceland. It is 125 km south east of the capital with a 2.5 km wide Caldera -between March 3 and fifth 2010 the warning sides of an eruption -by the14th of April a new phase began which was much more dangerous. The volcanic magma broke through the crust beneath the glacier and dissolved gases in the magma. So steam generated from the melting ice which caused a large column of fine volcanic ash (tephra) to be thrust into the atmosphere and 30,000 tons of CO2 entered the air daily. -The eruption partly melted the glacier which shut off major floods which travelled towards farming settlements -Wind carried ash south east towards Europe so visibility in the south east of Iceland was poor -iceland lies on the Atlantic Ridge are constructed plate margin separating the Eurasian plate from the North American plate -These plates are moving apart at a rate of 1 cm to 5 cm per year -As the plates diverge magma rises to the surface to form several active volcanoes located in a belt across Iceland

Answer 15

-800 people had to be evacuated from the area -20 farms destroyed from lava flow -Homes and roads were damaged -Services like electricity were disrupted -Local water supplies were contaminated from the ash -air contaminated with ash and fumes causing breathing difficulties within a 30 km radius

Answer 16

-Hundreds of thousands of people were stranded in other countries

Answer 17

-Wind moved into the air over northern and Western Europe and stop flights from taking off -Sheep were poison from drinking from ash contaminated streams -Farmland on the Reykjanes Peninsula flooded because of the glacier melt -Crops were damaged by heavy falls of ash

Answer 18

-Drop in Iceland tourist numbers affected the economy, local peoples jobs and income -huge impact in schools and businesses as workers were stranded overseas -Businesses lost £80 million -100,000 flights were cancelled so about 10 million air passengers were affected -over 50,000 farmers were temporary unemployed as their fresh food could not be imported to wealthy European and North American countries -Local flood defences had to be constructed costing the government £2 million

Answer 19

-before during and after the eruption the Icelandic government worked with the Icelandic meteorological office (IMO) to provide education and relief to those affected in the country -before- 800 people were evacuated and text message warnings were sent to residents -During- sections of river embankment that supported the main highway were deliberately broken to allow glacier floodwaters to pass through the sea. People were asked to stay indoors because of the ash in the air and gas masks were issued for workers and locals. the IMO weather radar and British Met office tracked the cloud warning other countries and telling them safe flight paths -After- within weeks bulldozers rebuilt the river embankments and the main highway was reconstructed. Further research was carried out as a long-term response to find better ways of monitoring ash and improving forecast methods Within six months tourism in Iceland increased and over 700,000 visited the country by the end of 2010.

Answer 20

-its not possible to prevent tectonic hazards but risks can be reduced using the 3ps -Predicting -Preparing -Preventing

Answer 21

-Volcanologists can use a variety of techniques including: -remote sensor imaging- satellites monitor volcanic temperature increases and gas emissions -seismometers- these measure increase in volcanic activity as magma fills magma chamber -gas emissions- indicate increased risk of eruption as sulphur and carbon dioxide content increases -volcanoes like Mount Etna, Italy are monitored closely at all times as they have been active very recently

Answer 22

-hazard mapping- allows volcanologists to work out lava flows, hot rocks, gases etc. this allows them to make accurate predictions and inform locals -an exclusion zone around volcano must be created -authorities and services trained in how to respond -emergency supplies of basic provisions must be gathered -good communication system needed- text messages, news reports and education in school

Answer 23

-eruption cannot be stopped but flow can be controlled and buildings can be designed to withstand ash fall -concrete blocks can be dropped in crater to reduce lava flow -sea water sprays can cool lava flow and were used during the 1973 eruption in Heimaey, Italy -explosives used on mount etna to create a ditch in order to divert slow flowing lava

Answer 24

-closeness to plate margin- more risk of damage. UK in middle of Eurasian plate so no volcanoes or major earthquakes -population density- greater number of people in an area, more risk of death and destruction. In Haiti, 3 million living in capital in makeshift housing, which fell on top of people causing death and injury -island nations- more remote and cut off from help after an event -government support -emergency services - building technology- countries like japan and USA have earthquake proof buildings. LICs don’t have the technology available. In port-au-prince 90% of buildings not EQ proof

Answer 25

-Laser beams- used to detect plate movement -seismometers- used to pick up vibrations in earths crust which may indicate an earthquakes -randon gas escapes from cracks before an earthquake -animal behaviour is monitored in china as they believe they can detect chemical changes in the ground

Answer 26

-emergency plans- people need to know what they should do in an earthquake. Training involves holding earthquake drills and education people via TV and radio -emergency kits- people put together emergency kits and store them in homes nay include tinned food, blankets and first aid items -earthquake drills- in USA the Red Cross leaflets and ‘drop, cover, hold’ is used. Governments coordinate evacuation and relief programmes

Answer 27

-cannot stop it from happening but we can reduce impacts by constructing EQ safe buildings, roads etc. -buildings designed with shake plates to improve urban design and ensure they will withstand EQ up to at least 7.0 an the Richter scale -EQ proof buildings constructed in major cities and are designed to absorb the energy of an EQ and withstand the movement of earth -bridges are also designed to withstand EQ power -houses are designed with gas cut off valves to reduce fires and explosions -buildings spaced apart to reduce domino effect -retro engineering allows older buildings to be supported by a cage as an outer shell- Kobe Port tower in Japan

Tectonic Landscapes And Hazards Flashcards

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