Social development in adolescence 1

Question 1

The psychosocial development that occurs during adolescence is characterized by:

Answer 1

1. Identity formation
2. Development of autonomy
3. Future orientation

Question 2

Eriksons theory of psychosocial developmnent

Answer 2

according to erikson, people progress through 8 STAGES.

Question 3

what happens at each stage

Answer 3

During each stage, people face a developmental conflict that must be resolved to successfully develop the primary virtue of that stage

Question 4

What are each of the eight stages characterised by

Answer 4

two contradictory emotional forces, known as contrary dispositions:
-dystonic
-syntonic

Question 5

dystonic

Answer 5

disposition that conflicts with ones belief and wills

Question 6

syntonic

Answer 6

disposition/behaviour that is adaptive and appropriate to a given situation

Question 7

what stage happens at adolescence

Answer 7

IDENTITY VS CONFUSION
13-21 YEARS
VIRTUE DEVELOPED - FIDELITY

Question 8

role confusion

Answer 8

weak sense of trust, lack of faith in ideals
little autonomy or initiative
litt;e active exploration during adolescence
failure to choose a vocation that matches interests and skills
may appear shallow and directionless

Question 9

established identity

Answer 9

developed personality
crucial step toward becoming a productive, content adult
involves who you are, what you value and your direction in life
drives choice of vocation, interpersonal relationships, ethnic group membership, expression of one’s sexual orientation, and ideals.

Question 10

what to domains make up identity

Answer 10

exploration
committment

Question 11

exploration

Answer 11

interests, talents, abilities, beliefs and values

Question 12

commitment

Answer 12

ones identity

Question 13

four identity statuses

Answer 13

identity moratorium
identity acheivement
identity diffusion
identity foreclosure

Question 14

identity acheived

Answer 14

higher self esteem
open to alternative ideas and values
feel in control of lives
more advances in moral reasoning

Question 15

identity moratorium

Answer 15

exploring options but no commitment
may be at risk if stuck in this stage

Question 16

identity foreclosure

Answer 16

passive in the face of identity concerns
have adjustmenet difficulties

Question 17

identity diffusion

Answer 17

use a diffuse avoidant cognitive style
entrust themselves to luck or fate
at risk for depression and suicide

Question 18

puberty

Answer 18

changes in the body and societal reactions to these changes, implications for gender development and sexuality and the roles ones hold

Question 19

family

Answer 19

identity development is enhanced when family serves as secure base; parenting is particularly important

Question 20

peers

Answer 20

warm, trusitng peer ties provide emotional support, assistance, and models for prosocial behaviour and relationships in adulthood

Question 21

school, community, culture

Answer 21

promote identity development by offering opportunities for exploration; conversely, some social environments are risk factors for identity development and psychosocial development in general

Question 22

personality

Answer 22

confident, flexible, self reflective approach is helpful in idenitfying and pursuing life goals

Question 23

self concept theory of personality

Answer 23

self concept determined by congruency vs incosistency between self image, self esteem and ideal self

Question 24

self esteem

Answer 24

relates to how one evaluates themselves; or their self worth

Question 25

self concept

Answer 25

an adolescents perception of their own self which can be broadly defined as ones talents, goals, and life experiences

Question 26

Throughout adolescence, self esteem undergoes development

Answer 26

self esteem starts to rise from mid to late adolescence individual differences are increasingly more stable new components are close friendship, romantic appeal, and job competence.

Question 27

factors affecting self esteem

Answer 27

child rearing style self esteem pubertal timing social environment

Question 28

Throughout adolescence, self concept undergoes development

Answer 28

seperate traits are unified into larger, abstract ones contradictory traits are expressed in different social situations more emphasis is put on social virtues and on being viewed positively by others.

Question 29

ethnic identity (self concept)

Answer 29

sense of ethnic group membership and attitudes, beliefs and feelings associated with that membership

Question 30

acculturative stress (self concept) -

Answer 30

psychological distress resulting from conflict between minority and host culture

Question 31

bicultural identity (self concept)

Answer 31

formed by exploring and adopting values from both one's subculture and the dominant culture.

Question 32

two concepts important for social development

Answer 32

1. parenting practices 2. parenting styles

Question 33

parenting practices

Answer 33

defined as specific behaviours that parents use to socialise their children

Question 34

parenting styles

Answer 34

emotional climate in which parents raise their children

Question 35

Baumrinds parenting typology suggests 4 parenting styles

Answer 35

1. permissive 2. authoritative 3. authoritarian 4. uninvolved

Question 36

parenting styles and externalizing problems e.g delinquency, bullying, relational aggression

Answer 36

authoritarian, permisisve and neglectful parenting were associayed with higher levels of externalizing problems than authoritative parentings

Question 37

three main elements of authoritative parenting that impact adolescent outcomes:

Answer 37

1. warmth 2. autonomy support 3. structure.

Question 38

warmth

Answer 38

open and responsive to child's emotional needs -associated with numerous adolescent outcomes - higher protective and fewer risk behaviours, better psychosocial adjustment -lower neural activation

Question 39

autonomy support

Answer 39

encouraging of child's individuality and independences

Question 40

structure

Answer 40

clear rules and expectations of child's behaviour

Question 41

(warmth) activation during criticism in

Answer 41

left amygdala right ventrolateral prefrontal cortext anteror cingulate cortex subgenual anterior cingulate

Question 42

Parenting: neural correlates

Answer 42

positive maternal parenting predicts the development of the left and right orbitofrontal cortex and the amygdala

Question 43

how do siblings affect social development

Answer 43

longitudinal studies show that warm adolescent sibling relationships contribute to more gratifying friendships

Question 44

important characteristics of friendships are

Answer 44

intimacy mutual understanding loyalty adolescent friends tend to be alike in educational aspirations, political beliefs, willingness to try drugs, and willingness to engage in lawbreaking acts

Question 45

close friendships

Answer 45

provide opportunities to explore the self and form deep understanding of another provide a foundation for future intimate relationships help young people deal with stress can improve attitudes toward, and involvement in school

Question 46

friendship as a protective factor

Answer 46

warm peer relationships are linked to increased adjustment and self esteem in adolescence and adulthood may also protect against risk taking behaviours mitigate negative effects of non optimal family environments.