SOCIAL Emotion Flashcards
(43 cards)
What do Martin + Carlsons define as emotions?
Display of feelings that are evoked at important times. Brief and reponed to events. Distinct from moods that are longer lasting and not tied to specific events.
-different from moods that are longer lasting + not tied to specific events.
Other definition: =Short lived complex reaction pattern, involving experiential, behaviour and physiological elements, by which as individual attempts to deal with a personally significant matter or event.
What are some definitions of emotions over the years?
-1884: James: body changes from perception of exciting fact, feeling of same changes as occur in emotion.
-1954: Arnold & Gason: felt tendency to object judged suitable, or away from an object judged unsuitable, reinforced by body changes.
-1991: Lazarus: organized psychophysiological reaction to news about ongoing relationship with environment.
-2013: Keltner, Oatley & Jenkins: multifaced response to events that we see a challenges or opportunities in inner or outer world, events that are important to our goals- especially social goals.
What is the difference between emotion and mood?
Emotions usually relatively intense + short-lived, involves taking + evaluating positions with respect to an intentional object. (e.g. anger, disgust, surprise).
Moods normally less intense + longer lasting state which is not directed at specific object, reflecting more diffuse and generalized evaluative processes (e.g. calm, tense, drowsy).
What is affective well-being?
Generalised evaluation of affect that is more enduring than mood.
If this is impaired it is a feature of affective disorders.
What are the three steps to emotion?
-Reaction to stimulus: physiological response, attentional orientation.
-Appraisal: relevance to goals, evaluation of meaning.
-Organisation of response: overt actions, facial expressions.
Outline Ekmanns set of basic and fundamental emotions?
Basic in being innate, universal and irreducible, correspond to specific neurophysiological systems.
Number of basic innate, universal and irreducible and correspond to specific neurophysiological systems.
-> surprise, anger, sadness, disgust, fear, happiness.
What evidence is there for basic emotions?
South for tribe in New Guinea, never been exposed to Western Culture. Asked how would feel in certain situation + videotaped facial expressions.
US students able to identify emotions on videotape.
What evidence is there against basic emotions?
Facial expressions are social tools, don’t reflect emotion but social tools to communicate emotions. Context emotion presented in is important.
Outline the Circumplex Model of Affect by Remington?
Emotions arise from two dimensions, pleasure and arousal.
Each emotion linear combination of these two dimensions.
->Happiness= high pleasure and moderate arousal.
-> Anxiety= low pleasure + high arousal.
What is Darwin’s theory of emotions?
Emotions are innate, unlearned, biological responses made of complex sets of movements (Darwin, 1872).
-allow humans + animals to survive and reproduce through emotions.
-feelings of fear-> fight/ flight.
-feelings of love- seek mates + reproduce.
Expression consistent within + across species, universal all showing similar features, baring teeth.
Understanding emotions of other species crucial for safety + survival .
Outline the James-Lange theory?
Emotions experience of sets of bodily changes in response to emotive cues in world.
1.Emotion producing situations elicit appropriate set of physiological responses (trembling, sweating) and behaviours (clenching of fists).
2. Brain receives sensory feedback from muscles + organs producing responses.
3. Feeling emotions consist of this feedback.
Outline the Cannon- Bard Theory?
Cannon (1927) + Bard (1928); thalamic theory of emotion.
-hypothalamus is brain region involved in emotional response to stimuli.
-physiological changes in the body and subjective experience of emotion occur simultaneously.
-Hypothalamus involved in emotional response to stimuli.
-body physiological changes + subjective experience of emotion occur simultaneously.
Responses inhibited by neocortical regions- removal of cortex allows uncontrolled emotion displays (e.g. sham rage).
How do lesion studies disprove James-Lange theory?
Decorticated cats had sudden and inappropriate anger outbursts (shame rage).
Lesions e.g. Phineas Gage injuries to prefrontal corticles- problems with emotional processing. Given removal of cortex does not eliminate emotions undermines James- Lange theory.
Outline Schachter & Singer Two Factor Theory?
Physiological arousal can be interpreted as any emotion. Needs cognitive assessment to determine whether state of arousal corresponds to anger, happiness, fear.
-Emotions determined jointly by perception of physiological responses + cognitive appraisal.
Outline Schachter + Singer study into the two- factor theory?
-ppt told getting vitamins, given injections vs placebo.
-four conditions put in either anger provoking situation or neutral situations + either told about potential side effects (trembling, pounding hearts) or not.
=if told about physiological effects felt less anger than those not told. Appraisal of physiological response determined the emotion.
How do people misattribute the cause of emotion?
Emotions can be wrongly attributed to different aspects of situation.
Dutton + Aron (1974): ppt crossed suspension bridge (fear-inducing) or study bridge and were interviewed by female confederate.
-ppt more likely to contact female interviewer if met her after crossing suspension bridge rather than sturdy bridge, attributed arousal to attraction not crossing bridge.
How are emotions generated?
Situation-> attention-> appraisal-> response.
-situations can be real or imagined.
-attention direct towards emotional situation.
-appraised (evaluated/ interpreted)- consciously or unconsciously in terms of what it means in relation to individuals goals.
-generates emotional response leading to changes in experimental, behavioural and physiological response systems.
What are features of emotional constructs?
-emotions can vary in; valence, extent to which emotion positive and negative.
-arousal: strength of emotion.
People vary in their:
-affectivity: degree to which experience emotions.
-hedonic capacity: capability to feel good.
-affective style: dispositional way of emotionally responding to event.
-emotional reactivity: threshold magnitude, rise time, recovery function and duration of emotional reaction.
Outlines emotions as complex emotions?
-elements of basic emotion combine to form other more complex emotions.
-defined as ‘any emotion that is aggregate of 2 or more others’ (APA, 2018).
-comprise majority of our emotional, experiences.
-vary greatly in how they’re expressed + don’t have easily recognizable expressions.
Outline mixed emotions as type of emotion?
-co-occurrence of 2 or more positive and negative affects (Larsen + McGraw, 2014). -students reported feeling happy + sad on graduation and moving- out day.
-feel threat and awe at thunderstorm.
-experiencing mixed emotions contributes psychological wellbeing + feeling life has more meaning.
How are social factors implicated in emotions?
Objects at with emotions directed have social direction, anger to someone who insulted you.
Appraisal of emotions depends on societal factors, insults may be taken more seriously if people around express shock.
Emotions affect others, anger leads to counter anger from person who insulted you.
Emotions elicit social sharing or emotions; share with others how something/ someone has made us angry.
Regulate emotions due to impact of other people.
What is the emotion contagion?
Evidence for emotion contagion:
Home: joiner (1994) showed individuals living with depressed roommate more likely to become depressed.
How is emotion contagion not just limited to face-to-face interaction?
Kramer et al (2014)- provided experimental evidence of massive scale emotional contagion through social networks by manipulating the emotional content in peoples Facebook news feed.
Positive expressions reduced, people produced fewer positive posts, when negative expression reduced, produce fewer negative posts.
-Coviello et al study: used many Facebook posts.
What two processes does emotion contagion occur through?
-Reactive: automatic processes occur without awareness (e.g. motor mimicry). Also called primitive emotional contagion (Hatfield et al).
-Inferential: when someone infers or interprets someone else’s emotions.
