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social inequality Flashcards

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1
Q

what is inequality?

A

where a group of people are regarded higher than others so have better life chances and outcomes

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2
Q

what are life chances?

A

the opportunities of enjoying the good and avoiding the bad

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3
Q

what is status?

A

how important your position in society is

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4
Q

what is prejudice?

A

prejudging someone by their appearance/beliefs

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5
Q

what is discrimination?

A

when you act upon prejudice

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6
Q

what are stereotypes?

A

a fixed, exaggerated idea about a group of people

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7
Q

what is social inequality?

A

the unequal distribution of resources and opportunities

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8
Q

what is social stratification?

A

the idea that societies are divided into hierarchies

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9
Q

what are strata?

A

layers in society

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10
Q

what is stratification based upon?

A

economic factors like income and occupation

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11
Q

what are the two types of status?

A

ascribed and achieved

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12
Q

what is achieved status?

A

social positions are earned based on personal talents

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13
Q

what is ascribed status?

A

social positions are fixed at birth (eg the queen)

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14
Q

what is an open system of stratification?

A

movement is possible between stratas

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15
Q

what is a closed system of stratification?

A

movement between starts isn’t possible

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16
Q

what is social mobility?

A

movement between stratas

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17
Q

what is the caste system?

A

places you into starts depending on occupation

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18
Q

where did the caste system exist?

A

traditional India

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19
Q

characteristics of movement between starts in caste system

A

you were born into a specific caste

if you were good in this life, you were born into a better caste in the next

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20
Q

what was the Apartheid system?

A

it was a government’s policy of racial segregation

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21
Q

where was the Apartheid system implemented?

A

South Africa

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22
Q

what were stratas in the Apartheid system based on?

A

ethnicity

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23
Q

characteristics of movement between stratas in Apartheid system

A

it was fixed at birth because of your race

closed system

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24
Q

what is wealth?

A

the money of a person held in assets or shares

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25
what is income?
the money a person receives over a certain amount of time
26
what is ascribed status?
social positions that are fixed at birth and can't change
27
what is achieved status?
social positions that are earn based on th person's traits
28
what did Marx believe about social inequality?
there were two classes | they benefit from eachother
29
what are the two classes that Karl Marx invented?
``` the bourgeoisie (the rich) the proletariat ( the poor) ```
30
how do the poor benefit from the rich according to Marx?
they get paid and go up in class
31
how do the rich benefit from the poor according to Marx?
they get cheap labour
32
what did Weber believe about social inequality?
4 classes decided at market place nothing to do with wealth
33
what were the four categories that Weber invented?
professionals property owners shop owners labourers
34
functionalist view on social inequality?
they believed inequality was good
35
why did functionalists believe inequality was good?
the best jobs require the most talented and dedicated people so inequality means everyone gets the jobs they deserve
36
what is the registrar general's scale?
allocates people to starts based on occupation
37
problems with the registrar general's scale (2)
hard to classify the unemployed | married women's status was based on husband
38
what does the national statistics socioeconomic classification do?
it uses occupation, rewards, status and authority to classify people
39
feminist views on social inequality
they believe society is biased towards men and giving them the best chance
40
what is patriarchy?
power held by men
41
what is patriarchal ideology?
a set of ideas that benefit men and keep women oppressed
42
why aren't women competing with men at the high end jobs? (3)
intimidation not enough support children
43
example of what has happened to stop sexism
Equal Pay Act means that people doing the same job with the same skills must get paid the same regardless of gender
44
examples of what has happened to stop racism in work
Race Relations Act meant that there was to be no discrimination based on ethnicity
45
what is racism in the workplace?
when people are discriminated because of their race, for example they get paid less or aren't picked for promotions
46
what is ageism
prejudice/discrimination based on age
47
what is ethnicity
cultural norms and values distinguish one group from another
48
what is being done to reduce ageism at work?
there are regulations in place to stop employers discriminating against someone due to their age
49
how do wealth and income influence life chances?
those with more money get the better opportunities, like better healthcare and education
50
what is the 'glass ceiling'?
the idea that there is an invisible barrier between women and high paying positions
51
what is absolute poverty?
when people don't have the basics they need to survive
52
what is relative poverty?
when people are poor compared to the others in their society
53
what are the three main ways of measuring low incomes? (3)
low incomes lack of necessities subjective measures (when people accept they are living in poverty)
54
groups at highest risk of poverty (6)
``` single parent household single pensioners families with a child under 11 households without paid owners people who left school before 16 children and young people ```
55
what is poverty linked to?
age, ethnicity, gender
56
why is ethnicity linked to poverty?
discrimination in the workplace less likely to take benefits more likely to be unemployed
57
why do women face a greater chance of poverty than men?
earn less money more likely work part time live longer more likely to have single parent families
58
why are children and pensioners facing a greater chance of poverty?
live on a low income (e.g. part time job or pension) | not claiming benefits
59
what is the cycle of poverty and what does it show?
shows that people move in and out of poverty through out their lifetime. for example, when they are young they may live in poverty, grow out of it as an adult but move back into it as an oap
60
what is the poverty line?
a government approved line that separates those on a low income from those on a high one
61
what is the culture of poverty
the idea that the people in the poorest ares of society are socialised to accept poverty as part of their life so they stay there
62
what is the cycle of deprivation?
deprivation depends from generation t generation, locking them in poverty
63
what is the welfare dependency and the underclass?
the idea that a group remains in poverty because welfare enables them to
64
what is social exclusion?
isolating certain people from society
65
marxist view on poverty
it is inevitable because of the inequality between the classes that are in a capitalist society
66
what is meritocracy?
the idea that status is achieved depending on individual ability
67
what does high rates of social mobility indicate
society is meritocratic | opportunities are available to everyone
68
name one route to mobility
education qualifications
69
name three barriers to social mobility
gender discrimination lack of skills lack of qualifications
70
what is happening to social mobility in britain and why?
it is declining because there have been changes in occupational structure, such as the decline of higher jobs so there is less room at the top
71
how is sex discrimination changing?
girls starting to go for higher jobs like medicine and many achieve better results than boys
72
what have class divisions become less significant than?
divisions base on gender, age and race
73
what is a classless society
a society that doesn't have different social classes
74
what is inter-generational social mobility?
movement around strata in families
75
what is intra-generational social mobility?
movement around strata by an individual
76
what is long-range mobility?
social mobility that involves significant movement
77
what is short-range mobility?
social mobility involving limited movement

Sociology (6 decks)

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