Social Influence Flashcards
(75 cards)
What are situational factors that affects obedience?
When the environment influences an individual
What are dispositional factors that affect obedience?
When internal characteristics affects an individual
What is an authoritarian personality?
A collection of traits developed from a strict childhood, usually obedient towards people of higher status
Who came up with the theory of the authoritarian personality?
Adorno et al (1950)
What experiment did Adorno carry out?
He measured 2000 middle class, white Americans and their unconscious attitudes towards other racial groups
What scale did Adorno create?
He used the F-Scale to measure how fascist people were
What two aspects of personality does the F-Scale measure?
- Conventionalism
- Preoccupation with power
What were Adorno’s findings?
He found people who scored higher tended to identify with stronger people, they were conscious of their own and others’ status and showed a ‘blind respect’ to people with power
What do authoritarian people see the world as?
They see it in a cognitive style, there’s no ‘fuzziness’ between categories of people (black or white) and they are driven by stereotypes and prejudice
What are authoritarian characteristics?
- Obedient to authority
- Inflexible with their outlook
- Society needs strong and powerful leaders to enforce traditional values
Why do people have authoritarian personalities?
Harsh parenting which creates despair in the child who displaces these feelings onto the ‘weak’
What is a criticism towards dispositional explanations?
Measurement of authoritarianism relies on self-report (F-Scale) data which may be invalid due to social desirability bias
What did Greenstein (1969) say about the F-Scale?
That it is a ‘comedy of methodological errors’ (every answer is in the same direction - you could tick the same column of boxes without reading the questions and score a high authoritarian personality)
What is acquiscence bias?
The tendency to simply ‘agree’ with everything
What research support is there for authoritarian personalities?
Milgram and Elms (1966) conducted an interview with a small sample of obedient participants who scored highly on the F-Scale.
Results would indicate that the obedience was due to their fascist beliefs but this was a correlation.
Can’t conclude that obedience was caused by dispositional factors.
What did Hyman and Sheatsley (1954) find out about the authoritarian personality?
It is more likely to exist among people who are less well educated and are of low economic social status (this may be the third variable)
but these results aren’t inconsistent with the explanation - these people should surely be considered the subordinates and the rebellious.
so perhaps personality is not needed to explain obedience
What comparisons are there to situational factors?
Evidence shows that the situation plays a role in obedience, as demonstrated in Milgram’s experiment (proximity and uniform may have greater influence on obedience levels)
How does Milgram’s study compare to Adorno’s?
Milgram’s results of situational variables are more reliable and valid
Why do people disobey?
They don’t see people as authority figures
What are the two theories of social-psychological explanations?
- agentic state
- legitimacy theory
What sparked Milgram’s interest in obedience?
The trail of Adolf Eichmann in 1961. He was charged for the Nazi death camps and he said he was ‘obeying orders’
What is the agentic state?
When individuals allow someone else to direct their behaviour – they pass responsibility to them
What evaluations are there in terms of research support?
Milgram’s own research demonstrated how the majority of ordinary people will follow instruction even when they know it’s wrong
What research support did Blass and Schmitt (2001) provide?
They found that people who saw Milgram’s study blamed the experimenter, indicating that they believed the participants were agents of authority