social influence studies

Question 1

Jeness

Answer 1

conformity

glass bottle filled with 811 beads, 101 p’s guessed how many were in the jar and then discussed in groups of 3 then guessed again, nearly all changed their initial guesses (women more so than men)

Question 2

Kelman

Answer 2

conformity

3 types of conformity- compliance, internalisation and identification

Question 3

Deutsch and Gerard

Answer 3

conformity

2 explanations of conformity- normative social influence and informational social influence

Question 4

Lucas et al

Answer 4

conformity

asked students a range of maths problems, they showed greater conformity when tasks were more difficult

Question 5

Asch

Answer 5

conformity

123 American students shown 3 lines and a test line and told to say which one was the same length but they were in a room with 6 confederates who all guessed wrong. 74% conformed at least once

Question 6

Asch’s variations

Answer 6

conformity

varied the original expt. by group size, task difficulty and unanimity

Question 7

Perrin and Spencer

Answer 7

conformity

replicated Asch’s experiment on British students and found lower levels of conformity

Question 8

Zimbardo / Haney

Answer 8

conformity to social roles

Stanford prison expt. 21 male volunteers randomly allocated the role of prisoner or guard then went through de-individuation, all p’s conformed to their roles including Zimbardo

Question 9

Reicher and Haslam

Answer 9

conformity to social roles

a similar expt. to zimbardo’s but got different results, some guards felt uncomfortable in their authority and prisoners rebelled from an early age

Question 10

Milgram

Answer 10

obedience

advertised a memory expt. in the newspaper, volunteers became the ‘teacher’ and Mr Wallace (confederate) became the ‘learner’. teacher asked him Qs and were instructed to give him electric shocks (15-450v) by the experimenter who used verbal prods like “the experiment requires you to continue”. All p’s went up to 300v and 65% went up to 450v

Question 11

Milgram’s variations

Answer 11

situational explanations

original expt. but he varied proximity of the teacher and learner, uniform of the experimenter, ad changed the location from Yale to a seedy office block

Question 12

Orne and Holland

Answer 12

obedience

carried out a similar expt. to milligram but they argue that p’s didn’t really believe in the set up and just went along with it, they also said obedience looked different in real life

Question 13

Hofling

Answer 13

obedience

doctor phoned 22 nurses and told them to administer a harmful dose of a drug to a patient which would be breaking 3 rules of nursing. 21/22 obeyed the doctor

Question 14

Rank and Cardell

Answer 14

obedience

similar nurses expt. to Hofling but got different results- 16/18 nurses did NOT obey the doctor

Question 15

Bickman

Answer 15

situational explanations

field expt. where someone dressed as a milkman, someone as a security guard and someone in a suit and tie ask someone to pick up a piece of litter, obedience was highest for the security guard

Question 16

Mandell

Answer 16

obedience

criticised milgram’s research for being oversimplifies and inapplicable to the nazi regime

Question 17

Adorno

Answer 17

dispositional explanations

wanted to understand the blind obedience of WW2, created the f-scale (fascism scale) to categorise to what extent people have an authoritarian personality

Question 18

Elms and Milgram

Answer 18

dispositional explanations

used the F-scale on 20 obedient and disobedient participants of milgrams electric shoc study and found the more obediant they were, the more authoritarian their personality

Question 19

Altmeyer

Answer 19

dispositional explanations

similar electric shock expt. to milgram, found that as the F-scale score increased, the amount of electric shocl they gave increased

Question 19

Rotter

Answer 19

resistance to SI

locus of control theory

Question 20

Holland

Answer 20

resistance to SI

replicated Milgram’s study and found that those with an internal locus of control were more likely to disobedient (37% disobeyed) compared to those with an external LOC (23% disobeyed)

Question 21

Mullen

Answer 21

resistance to SI

meta-analysis of reseach on jaywalking, those who saw others jaywalk were more likely to do so themselves. this supports the idea of social support

Question 22

Allen and Levine

Answer 22

reisitance to SI

similar study to Asch’s but the ally wore very thick glasses to suggest poor eyesight and didn’t conform to the majority answer. this still lowered conformity

Question 23

Moscovici

Answer 23

minority influence

showed p’s 36 slides all in a shade of blue. condition 1: confederates (minority) answered consistently green. condition 2: the minority answered inconsistently blue and green. the consistent minority had a greater influence on the majority than the inconsistent minority

Question 24

Wood et al

Answer 24

minority influence meta-analysis of 100 studies similar to moscovici's. fpund that the most effective minorities wer consistent

Question 25

Schacter

Answer 25

minority influence gave a group of student social workers a troublesome youth case for them to work through. a confederate (minority) had a harsh opinion on how the youth should be treated, the student social workers didn't agree, despite the confederate being consistent in his opinion he **didnt** influence the majority.