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Social psychology Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

What is social loafing?

A

Tendency to exert less effort on a task when working as part of a cooperative group than when working on your own

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2
Q

The attributional bias hypothesised to contribute to persecutory delusions is?

A

External attribution for negative events

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3
Q

What is a fundamental attribution error?

A

Attributing others mistakes to their personal dispositions

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4
Q

What is normative influence?

A

People do not want to appear to stick out so will often say yes to what others say

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5
Q

What is reward power?

A

Power of a person due to his ability to provide something that is desired

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6
Q

What is referent power?

A

Power through identification with the leader

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7
Q

What is legitimate power?

A

Power bestowed by virtue of social position

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8
Q

What is expert power?

A

Power resulting from having greater knowledge or skill

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9
Q

What is coercive power?

A

Power to punish

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10
Q

3 parts of Allport’s concept of prejudice

A
  1. Cognitive component
  2. Affective component
  3. Behavioural component
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11
Q

What makes up cognitive component of Allport’s concept of prejudice

A

Stereotypes

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12
Q

What makes up the affective component of Allport’s concept of prejudice?

A

Hostility

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13
Q

What makes up behavioural component of Allport’s concept of prejudice?

A 
Discrimination 
Anti-locution 
Avoidance 
Physical attack
Extermination
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14
Q

Who derived primary and secondary drive theory of motivation?

A

Mowrer

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15
Q

What is a primary drive?

A

Innate physiological urge - hunger, thirst, sex

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16
Q

What is the bystander effect AKA?

A

Genovese syndrome

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17
Q

What is the bystander effect?

A

Reluctance of bystanders to intervene in an emergency, especially when person appears to be in distress or a crime is being committed

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18
Q

Which factor is most influential in the development of friendly relationships?

A

Proximity

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19
Q

What is diffusion of responsibility?

A

Reduced sense of interpersonal responsibility and individual accountability, often leading to behaviour that is not typical of any of the group members when alone

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20
Q

How do hostile and instrumental aggression differ?

A

Instrumental aggression planned and to achieve a goal

Hostile aggression motivated by need to express negative feelings

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21
Q

When is aggression higher in baboons?

A

During periods of instability

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22
Q

What is deindividuation?

A

Psychological state characterised by loss of sense of individuality and a submerging of personal identity and accountability in a group setting

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23
Q

What is polarisation?

A

Social phenomenon where individuals express ‘moderate’ opinions when asked one-to-one but as a group make a more extreme decision on the same issue

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24
Q

What is risky shift phenomenon?

A

People tend to make riskier decisions when part of a group than they would making the decision as an individual

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25
What is self-efficacy?
Term referring to the belief that we can perform adequately in a given situation
26
What is self-awareness?
State of being consciously aware of oneself
27
A team leader who constantly asks her group to focus on commitment to overall outcomes more than anything else whilst hearing all opinions and making decisions that are satisfactory to most of the team is using what style of leadership?
Persuasive - ability to motivate and enthuse group to pursue a goal
28
What is coercion in leadership?
Power is used to enforce change through rewards and punishment
29
Task completion is poor in what type of leadership?
Laissez-faire
30
What type of leadership is task completion good in?
Autocratic and democratic
31
At what age do children pass mirror test?
18 months
32
What are scapegoats?
Singled out victims who are blamed and discriminated by virtue of their group membership e.g. racial or work group
33
The first aspect of self-concept to develop is what?
Bodily self - ability to differentiate ones own body from that of others
34
What is self-serving bias?
Attributional bias that leads people to ascribe their own successes to internal personal factors and failures to external causes
35
Who came up with frustration-aggression hypothesis?
Dollard
36
The study by Milgram explains which concept
Obedience
37
The semantic differential scale may be subject to which of the following problems?
Positional recall bias
38
What is the semantic differential scale?
Visual analogue scale with 7 points with 2 polarised objectives at either end - subject marks their answer between the 2
39
What is groupthink?
a phenomenon that occurs when the desire for group consensus overrides people's common sense desire to present alternatives, critique a position, or express an unpopular opinion.
40
What can reduce groupthink?
Open debate Acknowledging the presence of groupthink Seeking external opinion Splitting group into smaller units Holding last chance meetings to encourage challenges Reserving leaders opinions until the groups discussion has taken place
41
Which task is most likely to influence individual to conform to views?
Ambiguous tasks lead to more conformity
42
What is the halo effect?
Generalisation from the perception of one prominent characteristic to an impression of the whole personality - well studied phenomena in physical attractiveness
43
Who coined the term cognitive dissonance?
Festinger
44
What is the most common effect of cognitive dissonance?
Psychological distress
45
What is a fundamental attribution error?
tendency to underestimate the importance of external situational pressures and overestimate the importance of internal motives
46
What is sociometry?
Measure of interpersonal attitudes in a repertory grid-like fashion - sciograms
47
What is ideal self?
What we would like ourselves to be
48
What is self-serving bias?
person takes credit for positive event or outcome
49
What is actor-observer bias?
When a person is more likely to blame their own bad behaviour on external circumstances
50
What is just-world hypothesis?
Bad things happen to bad people - blaming the victim culture
51
WHat is pygmalion effect?
AKA as Rosenthal effect Self-fulfilling prophecy where students with poor expectations from teachers internalise their negative label and perform badly
52
Group processes are considered to be due to 3 underlying phenomena, what are they?
1. Normative influence - don't want to stand out 2. Informational influence - havingmore info after group discussion can influence decision making 3. Social identity - group norm is established soon after a group is formed
53
What is legitimate power?
Based on the perception that someone has the right to prescribe behaviour due to election or appointment to a position of responsibility
54
What is an autocratic leadership style?
Leaders decisions take place without consultation from others
55
What is democratic leadership style?
Leaders decision making involves others
56
What is Laisse-Faire leadership?
Leaders involvement in decision making is minimal
57
Psychoanalytical theory of aggression
Due to thanatos which is the death instict
58
What is evolutionary theory of aggression?
THrough process of natural selection, aggression ensures survival of the aggressor's genes
59
Lorenz theory of aggression
Terrortorial imperative are linked to survival benefits of aggression
60
Which experiment showed the power of observational learning?
Bobo doll
61
What is pluralistic ignorance?
Members of a crowd looking at each other for signs of distress but remaining calm themselves, leading to misappraisal of the situation being safe leading to lack of intervention
62
What is social loafing also called?
Ringelmann's effect
63
What is James-Lange theory of emotions?
Emotion occurs as a result of bodily sensation
64
What is Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?
On the perception of a stimulus, thalamus coordinates a signal to cortex leading to conscious experience and simultaneously sends signals to hypothalamus leading to physiological changes When an event occurs, one feels emotion at the same time as physiological changes
65
What is Schater-Singer labelling theory?
Emotions rise from both physiological changes and the context
66
What is lazarus theory of emotions?
Thought is first required before an emotion occurs
67
Tendency to not intervene due to presence of others
Bystander apathy
68
What is backward chaining?
Chaining refers to reinforcing a series of related behaviours - if you start from end behaviour and go backwards to start e.g. from full jigsaw back to start this is backward chaining
69
What is assimilation?
Partial adaptation of new culture
70
What is integration?
High retention of old culture and high adoption of new culture
71
What is separation?
High maintenance of old culture and low adoption of new culture
72
What is marginalisation?
Low retention of old culture and low adoption of new culture
73
What is social exchange theory?
social behaviour influenced by the expectation that our action towards others will be reciprocated in some way
74
What is the primary ethical consideration in resource allocation?
Justice
75
What is stroop effect?
Difficulty in overriding automatic processing with conscious visual control
76
Who is associated with sick role?
Parson
77
What is Goffman associated with?
Institutions
78
Who is David Mechanic?
A pioneer in the study of social influence

MRCPsych (19 decks)

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