Social Psychology Flashcards
(155 cards)
1
Q
Social Psychology
A
The study of how people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the presence of others
2
Q
Positionality
A
A person’s social location and the influence of their various identities (gender, race, class) on their understanding of the world, their perspectives
3
Q
Social Context
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The specific circumstances, conditions, and influences of the social environment that shape an individual’s thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and overall development
4
Q
Baseline Knowledge
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Foundational understanding of key concepts that is necessary for further study
5
Q
The “Five Things”
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Five questions to ask about any research study; what was found, how they did it, who was studied, when the findings apply, why it happened
6
Q
Replication
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The intentional repetition of a research study, typically with a new sample or in a different setting, to verify or confirm the original findings
7
Q
Conceptual Replications
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A scientific attempt to copy the scientific hypothesis used in an earlier study to determine whether the results will generalize to different samples, times, or situations
8
Q
Sustainable Development Goals
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No poverty, zero hunger, good health and well-being, quality education, gender equality, clean water and sanitation, affordable and clean energy, decent work and economic growth, industry innovation and infrastructure, reduced inequalities, sustainable cities and communities, responsible consumption and production, climate action, life below water, life on land, peace justice and strong institutions, partnerships for the goals
9
Q
Persuasion
A
How individuals are influenced to change their attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors through communication
10
Q
Social Norms
A
The unspoken, yet shared, standards of behavior that guide people within a group or society
11
Q
Culture
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The shared values, beliefs, and practices of a group
12
Q
Bystander Effect
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The phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help a victim when there are other people present
13
Q
Attribution Theory
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A theory about how people explain the causes of behavior
14
Q
Cognitive Dissonance
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The mental discomfort experienced when holding conflicting beliefs or attitudes
15
Q
Obedience
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Following the orders of an authority figure
16
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Conformity
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Changing one’s behavior to align with the behavior of others
17
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Behavioral Change
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Shifting people’s actions or habits often to achieve desired goals; how do we understand the behavior; how do we change behaviors; what is the link between what we think and what we do
18
Q
Behavioral Intention
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A conscious decision to engage in a specific behavior; more likely to lead to behavior
19
Q
Theory of Planned Behavior
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Attitude (behavioral beliefs weighed by outcome evaluations), subjective norms (normative beliefs weighed by motivation to comply), perceived behavioral control (control beliefs weighted by influence of control beliefs) -> behavioral intention -> behavior
20
Q
Dual Process Models
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The idea that behavior is influenced by both deliberate and automatic processes
21
Q
Reflective Processes
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Conscious, deliberate thinking about behavior; reasoning, intending; theory of planned behavior, protection motivation theory, transtheoretical/stages of change model
22
Q
Impulsive Processes
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Automatic, unconscious influences on behavior; associations, spreading activation; implicit affect, cognition, motivation, goal priming, social norms
23
Q
Habits
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Automatic behaviors that are performed repeatedly
24
Q
Structural Elements
A
Structural elements outside our control effect behavior; policy and politics, physical/access barriers, financial barriers, personal events; structural change can lead to behavior change
25
Goal Setting
Defining specific objectives to guide actions and behaviors
26
Reproducibility and Generalizability
Evaluating whether research findings can be repeated in other contexts or with other populations
27
Accessibility
The extent to which schemas and concepts are readily available in a person’s mind, influencing their judgements and interpretations
27
Cognitive Miser
A model of social thinking that proposes that people tend to use the simplest and most efficient cognitive strategies to understand the social world due to limited cognitive resources
28
Conformity
The act of aligning one’s behavior or beliefs with those of a group or social norm
29
Demand Characteristics
The cues within an experimental setting that might influence the behavior of participants and affect the results of a study
30
Deindividuation
A state of reduced self-awareness and personal identity that can occur when people are part of a large group
31
Heuristics
Mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that people use to make judgements and solve problems quickly
32
Hawthorne Effect
A phenomenon where individuals modify their behavior when they know they are being observed
33
Inference (Social)
A conclusion or assumption made about people’s personalities, motivations, or future behaviors, often without complete evidence
34
Motivated Tactician
A model of social thinking suggesting that people are flexible and strategically choose between different cognitive strategies based on their goals, motives, and needs
35
Naive Scientist
A model of social thinking suggesting that people act like amateur scientists, trying to understand the social world by observing cause and effect
36
Nuremberg Disease
The argument that individuals are not responsible for their actions because they were following orders from a legitimate authority
37
Priming
The process by which recent experiences increase the accessibility of a schema, trait, or concept, influencing subsequent behavior or judgements
38
Pygmalion Effect
A form of self-fulfilling prophecy in which expectations of a person affect how they actually perform
39
Replication Crisis
The acknowledgement that a significant number of previously published social psychology studies failed to replicate when repeated, raising questions about the reliability of the field
40
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
A process in which a belief or expectation leads to its own fulfillment, often without conscious awareness
41
Social Cognition
The study of how people perceive, think about, interpret, categorize, and judge social behaviors, both their own and those of others
42
Social Construction
The idea that concepts and meanings are created and maintained through social interactions and shared understandings
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Social Inhibition
The tendency for the presence of others to impair an individual's performance on simple or well-learned tasks
43
Social Schema
A mental framework or representation of a social situation, event, or person, which guides expectations and behavior
44
Social Priming
The activation of certain associations in memory, which can influence subsequent judgements, actions, or behaviors
45
Self-Reference Effect
The tendency for people to better remember information that is personally relevant, or that has been connected to themselves, compared to information that isn’t
46
Confirmation Bias
The tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information that supports one’s existing beliefs or values, often ignoring contradictory evidence
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Survivorship Bias
The logical error of focusing on the “winners” or survivors and overlooking the “losers” because they are not present or visible
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Cherry Picking
Selecting only evidence that supports one’s position and ignoring or suppressing evidence to the contrary
47
Attribution Theory
A framework for understanding how individuals explain the causes of events and behaviors, both their own and others
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Internal Attribution
The explanation of behaviors or outcomes based on internal factors, such as personality traits, character, and abilities
49
Locus of Causality
The perceived source of a behavior or event, categorized as either internal (dispositional) or external (situational)
50
External Attribution
The explanation of behaviors or outcomes based on external, environmental, or contextual factors rather than dispositional ones
51
Fundamental Attribution Error (Correspondence Bias)
The tendency to attribute others’ behaviors to dispositional (internal) factors rather than situation (external) factors, often stronger in individualistic cultures
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Perceptual Salience
The extent to which a person or object draws attention due to its characteristics or presence in a given situation
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Social Constructionism
The idea that things that we know or things that we assume, or our ideas about other peoples or a variety of different social signal are constructed from our context
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Actor-Observer Bias
The tendency to attribute our own behavior to external, situational factors and the behavior of others to internal, dispositional factors
54
Cultural Norms
Shared rules among members of a group that guide behavior in specific situations; they can shape both our actions and perceptions of others
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Person Perception
The process by which we form impressions and judgements about other individuals, often influenced by our own values and cultural contexts
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Reciprocity
The expectation that people will respond to each other in kind, with different cultural interpretations of what constitutes reciprocity
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Agency
The sense of control an individual has over their actions and circumstances, which can vary depending on cultural background and norms
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Cognitive Load
The amount of mental effort being used in the working memory, often influencing the strength of culturally normative tendencies
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Replication Crisis
The recognition that many findings in social psychology and other areas of research do not hold up when researched with the same methodology
60
Self-Serving Attributions
The tendency to attribute positive outcomes to internal factors and negative outcomes to external factors to maintain self-esteem
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Autokinetic Effect
Individuals' perceptions can be significantly influenced by group norms, especially in ambiguous situations (Sherif)
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Conformity
Adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
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Descriptive Norm
Perceptions about what others actually do in a given situation
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Injunctive Norm
Perceptions about what others think should be done in a given situation
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Informational Social Influence
Conforming because we believe others’ interpretation of an ambiguous situation is more correct than ours and will help us choose an appropriate course of action; the need to know what’s right
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Normative Social Influence
Conforming in order to be liked and accepted by others; the need to be accepted
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Ostracism
Exclusion from a group
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Private Acceptance
Conforming to other people’s behavior out of a genuine belief that what they are doing or saying is right
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Public Compliance
Conforming to other people’s behavior publicly without necessarily believing in what we are doing or saying
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Reciprocity Norm
The expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them
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Social Mores
Unwritten rules about morality and ethics
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Social Norms
Collective behaviors, unspoken rules, fashions, customs, conventions, and “normal ways of behaving” shared by a group or society
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Subjective Norm
A person’s perception of the social expectations to adopt a particular behavior
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Obedience Norm
A form of social influence where an individual alters their behavior or actions in response to a direct order or command from an authority figure
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Taboo
Strong prohibitions against certain behaviors, often related to disgust or morality
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Universal Norm
Norms that are considered universally valued across cultures
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Internalization
The process through which people assimilate social norms to the point that they become internally driven motivations
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Social Facilitation
The tendency for people to perform better on simple or well-learned tasks when in the presence of others
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Social Inhibition
The tendency for people to perform worse on complex or unfamiliar tasks when in the presence of others
79
Mere Presence
The simple fact of being in the presence of others, which can affect behavior even without direct interaction
79
Coaction Effects
Changes in behavior that occur when individuals perform the same task simultaneously in the presence of others
80
Dominant Response
The most likely or readily available response in a given situation, which is enhanced by arousal
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Audience Effects
Changes in behavior that occur when individuals perform a task in front of an audience
81
Evaluation Apprehension
The concern about how one is being evaluated by others, leading to arousal and influencing performance
82
Distraction-Conflict Theory
The theory that the presence of others creates attentional conflict, leading to arousal and affecting performance
83
Impression Management
The deliberate effort to control or influence how others perceive oneself
84
Social Loafing
The tendency for individuals to reduce their individual effort when working on a group task
85
Diffusion of Responsibility
The feeling of reduced personal accountability in a group setting, leading to reduced individual effort
86
Pro-Social Behavior
Actions intended to benefit others or society as a whole
87
Arousal
An increase in physiological activation or energy, often due to the presence of others or a perceived challenge
88
Sequential Human Redundancy
A process where multiple humans successfully perform a task, like an error detection task
89
Home Audience Advantage
An assumed benefit experienced by athletes when participating in games and events at their home venue
89
Deindividuation
The loss of self-awareness and personal responsibility when in a group, leading to impulsive or deviant behavior
90
Spectator Effect
The influence that spectators have on participants in a sporting event
91
Free-Rider Effect
A loss of motivation in group projects or collective efforts
92
Prejudice
An attitude towards a group that devalues its members directly or indirectly, often benefiting the self or one’s own group; it involves a negative attitude or affective response toward a certain group and its individual members
93
Neurodiversity
The range of differences in individual brain function and behavioral traits, regarded as part of normal variation in the human population
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Discrimination
Unfair treatment of members of a particular group based on their membership in that group; it is the behavioral manifestation of prejudice
95
Stereotype
Beliefs about attributes that are thought to be characteristic of members of particular groups; these are the cognitive component of prejudice
96
Accentuation Principle
The exaggeration of perceived differences between groups and similarities within groups once categorization has occurred
96
Categorization
The process of grouping people based on shared characteristics; this is a fundamental cognitive process that can contribute to prejudice
97
Illusory Correlation
The tendency to perceive relationships between events or groups that do not actually exist or are weaker than perceived; this is a cognitive bias
98
Realistic Conflict Theory
The theory that intergroup conflict arises from competition between groups for scarce resources
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Superordinate Goals
A shared objective that requires two or more groups to collaborate to achieve
100
Social Identity Theory
The theory that a portion of an individual’s identity comes from their membership in social groups; this theory posits that individuals strive to enhance their self-esteem through positive distinctiveness of their ingroup compared to outgroups
101
Minimal Group Paradigm
An experimental procedure where individuals are characterized into groups based on arbitrary and minimal criteria; despite the lack of meaningful group identity, individuals often show ingroup favoritism
102
Ingroup
A social group that an individual identifies with and feels emotionally attached to
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Outgroup
Anyone who does not belong to your group
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Stereotype Content Model
A model that proposes that stereotypes about social groups are based on two fundamental dimensions: warmth (communion) and competence (agency)
105
Ingroup Favoritism
The tendency to favor one’s own group over other groups
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Intergroup Differentiation
The process of highlighting differences between one’s own group and other groups, often in a way that favors the ingroup
107
Ethnocentrism
The belief that one’s own culture or group is superior to others and using one’s own group as a standard of reference
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Prejudice
The affective or emotional component of attitudes, involving negative feelings or agreement with negative stereotypes towards a group or oneself
108
Stigma
A mark of disgrace associated with a particular circumstance, quality, or person; it directly and indirectly affects the stigmatized through discrimination, expectancy confirmation, automatic stereotype activation, and threats to personal and social identity
108
Stereotype
Cognitive components of attitudes, representing beliefs (accurate or inaccurate) about a particular group or oneself
109
Discrimination
The behavioral component of attitudes, representing actions taken against a group or oneself based in prejudice and stereotypes
109
Public Stigma
Negative beliefs held by the public about a group (stereotype), agreement with these beliefs and/or negative emotional reactions (prejudice), and discriminatory behaviors resulting from this prejudice (discrimination)
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Self-Stigma
Internalized negative beliefs about oneself (stereotype), agreement with these beliefs and negative emotional reactions like low self-esteem (prejudice), and behaviors resulting from this, such as avoiding opportunities or healthcare (discrimination)
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Visible Identity
Aspects of identity that are readily apparent to others (race, gender, obesity)
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Concealed Identity
Aspects of identity that are not immediately obvious and can be kept private (sexuality, illness, beliefs)
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Controllable Identity
Aspects of identity that are perceived by some as being under an individual’s control (though this perception can be inaccurate; weight, sexuality, religion)
113
Dysphoria
A powerful feeling of discomfort, distress, unease, or general dissatisfaction, often associated with feeling othered or a mismatch between one’s identity and how one is perceived or treated
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Microaggression
Subtle, often unintentional, and sometimes unconscious expressions of prejudice that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative slights and insults toward a marginalized person or group
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Institutionalized Stigma
Systematic discrimination embedded within societal structures, laws, and policies that disadvantage stigmatized groups
116
Explicit Attitudes
Consciously held and declarable beliefs and feelings about a group or oneself
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Implicit Attitudes
Unconscious or less consciously accessible beliefs and feelings that can influence behavior, often shaped by societal influences rather than direct experience
118
Expectancy Confirmation
The tendency to interpret or seek out information that confirms pre-existing stereotypes or expectations about stigmatized individuals
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Automatic Stereotype Activation
The unconscious and unintentional triggering of stereotypes when encountering a member of a stereotyped group
120
Stigma by Association
Experiencing stigma due to one’s connection to a stigmatized individual or group
121
Protective Factors
Resources or coping mechanisms (social support, stigma identification, coping style) that can mitigate the negative impacts of stigma on mental and physical health
122
Stereotype Content Model
A model proposing that group stereotypes are based on two dimensions: warmth (perceived sincerity and sociability) and competence (perceived ability and status)
123
Implicit Attitude
An attitude that is often automatic, unintentional, and may not be consciously accessible; it is often associated with system 1 thinking
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Declared Attitude
An attitude that is consciously held and can be verbally reported; it is often associated with system 2 thinking
125
System 1 Thinking
A cognitive process that is fast, intuitive, emotional, and requires little conscious effort
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System 2 Thinking
A cognitive process that is slow, deliberate, rational, and requires conscious effort and attention
126
Prejudice
A preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience; often a negative feeling or attitude toward a group and its individual members
127
Stigma
A mark of disgrace associated with a particular circumstance, quality, or person; it involves negative attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors towards individuals with specific characteristics
127
Discrimination
Unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people or things, especially on the grounds of race age or sex
128
Intergroup Contact Theory
A theory proposing that intergroup contact under appropriate conditions can reduce prejudice between groups
129
Jigsaw Classroom
A cooperative learning technique that reduces prejudice and promotes integration by making students dependent on each other to learn the course material; long-term effect on education, highly successful
130
Affective Approach
Perspective taking and empathy
131
Cognitive Approach
Dissonance, information
132
Perspective Taking
The act of imagining oneself in the place of another person to understand their feelings, thoughts, and experiences
133
Counter-Attitudinal Advocacy
Stating an opinion or attitude that is contrary to one’s own private belief or attitude
134
Self-Persuasion
Process where individuals change their own attitudes or beliefs through internal motivation, rather than being directly influenced by external sources
135
Yale Approach to Persuasion
A communication model that emphasizes the source, message, and audience as key factors in determining the effectiveness of persuasive communication
135
Self-Perception Theory
A concept where individuals infer their own attitudes and beliefs by observing their own behavior and the context in which it occurs
136
Elaboration Likelihood Model
A dual-process theory describing how attitudes can be changed through two different routes: the central route (high elaboration) and the peripheral route (low elaboration)
137
Central Route
A route to persuasion in which people think carefully and deliberately about the content of a message, attending to its logic and the strength of its arguments
138
Peripheral Route
A route to persuasion in which people do not elaborate on the arguments in a persuasive communication but are instead swayed by more superficial cues
